Age-adjusted characteristics of the Nurses Health Study cohort by total vitamin D and calcium intake at baseline (1980)
| Characteristic . | Total vitamin D intake (IU/day) . | . | . | . | . | Total calcium intake (mg/day) . | . | . | . | . | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | ≤200 . | 201–400 . | 401–600 . | 601–800 . | >800 . | ≤600 . | 601–800 . | 801–1,000 . | 1,001–1,200 . | >1,200 . | ||||||||
| Number of women | 42,731 | 19,986 | 11,094 | 6,345 | 3,623 | 32,584 | 23,016 | 13,867 | 7,820 | 6,519 | ||||||||
| Vitamin D intake (IU/day) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 108 | 283 | 498 | 687 | 1152 | 191 | 271 | 345 | 416 | 590 | ||||||||
| Dietary only | 108 | 236 | 197 | 227 | 268 | 93 | 154 | 208 | 271 | 362 | ||||||||
| Calcium intake (mg/day) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 584 | 881 | 823 | 899 | 1049 | 458 | 695 | 890 | 1091 | 1450 | ||||||||
| Dietary only | 584 | 877 | 808 | 877 | 953 | 457 | 692 | 884 | 1078 | 1374 | ||||||||
| Age (years) | 46.0 | 45.9 | 46.1 | 46.4 | 46.6 | 45.8 | 46.2 | 46.1 | 45.0 | 46.4 | ||||||||
| State of residence (% southern states)* | 19 | 18 | 21 | 21 | 25 | 20 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 19 | ||||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.3 | 24.3 | 23.9 | 24.1 | 24.0 | 24.2 | 24.2 | 24.3 | 24.2 | 24.5 | ||||||||
| Family history of diabetes (%) | 25 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 24 | 25 | 24 | ||||||||
| History of high cholesterol (%) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | ||||||||
| History of hypertension (%) | 15 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 15 | 16 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 15 | ||||||||
| Current smoker (%) | 31 | 26 | 27 | 24 | 25 | 32 | 27 | 26 | 26 | 26 | ||||||||
| Physical activity (h of moderate/ vigorous activity per week) | 3.8 | 3.9 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 3.7 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 4.1 | ||||||||
| Caffeine intake (mg/day) | 422 | 381 | 375 | 363 | 364 | 381 | 419 | 413 | 394 | 393 | ||||||||
| Alcohol consumption (g/day) | 7.2 | 5.3 | 6.9 | 5.2 | 4.2 | 7.8 | 6.3 | 5.6 | 4.8 | 4.0 | ||||||||
| Current use (%) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Multivitamin | 7 | 29 | 87 | 98 | 100 | 28 | 34 | 38 | 40 | 45 | ||||||||
| Specific vitamin D supplement | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | ||||||||
| Calcium supplement | 6 | 9 | 16 | 19 | 22 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 14 | ||||||||
| Magnesium intake (mg/day) | 281 | 304 | 302 | 308 | 313 | 258 | 296 | 317 | 331 | 352 | ||||||||
| Retinol (IU/day) | 2,524 | 4,201 | 8,152 | 10,663 | 16,961 | 3,906 | 4,718 | 5,546 | 5,987 | 7,965 | ||||||||
| Dairy foods (servings/day) | 1.3 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 0.9 | 1.7 | 2.4 | 3.1 | 3.9 | ||||||||
| Milk (servings/day) | 0.4 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 1.9 | 2.6 | ||||||||
| Diet | ||||||||||||||||||
| Saturated fat (% daily energy intake) | 15.9 | 15.4 | 15.6 | 14.9 | 14.4 | 15.9 | 15.6 | 15.3 | 15.3 | 15.2 | ||||||||
| Polyunsaturated fat (% daily energy intake) | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.6 | 5.3 | 5.0 | 4.8 | 4.5 | ||||||||
| Trans fatty acids (% daily energy intake) | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 1.9 | ||||||||
| Cereal fiber (g/day) | 2.4 | 2.7 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.3 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.4 | ||||||||
| Glycemic load/100 | 86 | 86 | 85 | 86 | 86 | 87 | 86 | 85 | 84 | 82 | ||||||||
| Characteristic . | Total vitamin D intake (IU/day) . | . | . | . | . | Total calcium intake (mg/day) . | . | . | . | . | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | ≤200 . | 201–400 . | 401–600 . | 601–800 . | >800 . | ≤600 . | 601–800 . | 801–1,000 . | 1,001–1,200 . | >1,200 . | ||||||||
| Number of women | 42,731 | 19,986 | 11,094 | 6,345 | 3,623 | 32,584 | 23,016 | 13,867 | 7,820 | 6,519 | ||||||||
| Vitamin D intake (IU/day) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 108 | 283 | 498 | 687 | 1152 | 191 | 271 | 345 | 416 | 590 | ||||||||
| Dietary only | 108 | 236 | 197 | 227 | 268 | 93 | 154 | 208 | 271 | 362 | ||||||||
| Calcium intake (mg/day) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 584 | 881 | 823 | 899 | 1049 | 458 | 695 | 890 | 1091 | 1450 | ||||||||
| Dietary only | 584 | 877 | 808 | 877 | 953 | 457 | 692 | 884 | 1078 | 1374 | ||||||||
| Age (years) | 46.0 | 45.9 | 46.1 | 46.4 | 46.6 | 45.8 | 46.2 | 46.1 | 45.0 | 46.4 | ||||||||
| State of residence (% southern states)* | 19 | 18 | 21 | 21 | 25 | 20 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 19 | ||||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.3 | 24.3 | 23.9 | 24.1 | 24.0 | 24.2 | 24.2 | 24.3 | 24.2 | 24.5 | ||||||||
| Family history of diabetes (%) | 25 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 24 | 25 | 24 | ||||||||
| History of high cholesterol (%) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | ||||||||
| History of hypertension (%) | 15 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 15 | 16 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 15 | ||||||||
| Current smoker (%) | 31 | 26 | 27 | 24 | 25 | 32 | 27 | 26 | 26 | 26 | ||||||||
| Physical activity (h of moderate/ vigorous activity per week) | 3.8 | 3.9 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 3.7 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 4.1 | ||||||||
| Caffeine intake (mg/day) | 422 | 381 | 375 | 363 | 364 | 381 | 419 | 413 | 394 | 393 | ||||||||
| Alcohol consumption (g/day) | 7.2 | 5.3 | 6.9 | 5.2 | 4.2 | 7.8 | 6.3 | 5.6 | 4.8 | 4.0 | ||||||||
| Current use (%) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Multivitamin | 7 | 29 | 87 | 98 | 100 | 28 | 34 | 38 | 40 | 45 | ||||||||
| Specific vitamin D supplement | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | ||||||||
| Calcium supplement | 6 | 9 | 16 | 19 | 22 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 14 | ||||||||
| Magnesium intake (mg/day) | 281 | 304 | 302 | 308 | 313 | 258 | 296 | 317 | 331 | 352 | ||||||||
| Retinol (IU/day) | 2,524 | 4,201 | 8,152 | 10,663 | 16,961 | 3,906 | 4,718 | 5,546 | 5,987 | 7,965 | ||||||||
| Dairy foods (servings/day) | 1.3 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 0.9 | 1.7 | 2.4 | 3.1 | 3.9 | ||||||||
| Milk (servings/day) | 0.4 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 1.9 | 2.6 | ||||||||
| Diet | ||||||||||||||||||
| Saturated fat (% daily energy intake) | 15.9 | 15.4 | 15.6 | 14.9 | 14.4 | 15.9 | 15.6 | 15.3 | 15.3 | 15.2 | ||||||||
| Polyunsaturated fat (% daily energy intake) | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.6 | 5.3 | 5.0 | 4.8 | 4.5 | ||||||||
| Trans fatty acids (% daily energy intake) | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 1.9 | ||||||||
| Cereal fiber (g/day) | 2.4 | 2.7 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.3 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.4 | ||||||||
| Glycemic load/100 | 86 | 86 | 85 | 86 | 86 | 87 | 86 | 85 | 84 | 82 | ||||||||
Data are means unless otherwise indicated. Intakes of alcohol, caffeine, vitamin D, calcium, magnesium, retinol, cereal fiber, and glycemic load are adjusted for total daily energy intake.
Southern states are California, Florida, and Texas. Northern states are Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. †Glycemic load is the sum of (glycemic index of individual food [white bread as reference = 1] × carbohydrate content of the food item) for each food.