Baseline characteristics by diabetes and hyperglycemic status
| Characteristic . | Diabetes . | IFG/IGT . | NGT . | P . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | 650 (24.2) | 787 (29.3) | 1,246 (46.4) | |
| Sociodemographic | ||||
| Age (years) | 73.7 ± 2.8 | 73.7 ± 2.9 | 73.5 ± 2.9 | NS |
| Male sex (%) | 55.1 | 46.3 | 48.1 | —* |
| Blacks (%) | 52.2 | 37 | 36.4 | —* |
| Education <12 years | 32.3 | 22.6 | 23.4 | —* |
| Health status (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 68.4 | 59.0 | 51.4 | —*† |
| Coronary heart disease | 27.7 | 20.0 | 17.7 | —* |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 10 | 7.6 | 7.4 | —* |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 20.5 | 13.4 | 11.9 | —* |
| Renal insufficiency | 11.4 | 7.4 | 7.0 | —* |
| Arthritis | 13.3 | 19.8 | 17.3 | —* |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 138.8 ± 21.5 | 136.5 ± 21.3 | 134.0 ± 20.8 | —*† |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 70.5 ± 11.7 | 72.4 ± 11.5 | 71.3 ± 11.6 | —† |
| Ankle arm index (AAI) | ||||
| Lowest AAI | 1.03 ± 0.19 | 1.07 ± 0.19 | 1.08 ± 0.18 | —* |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Never | 41.8 | 44.7 | 45.3 | |
| Current | 8.8 | 9.2 | 11.3 | |
| Former | 49.4 | 46.1 | 43.4 | —* |
| Pack-years of cigarettes | 5 (0–32) | 4 (0–32) | 3 (0–27) | —*‡ |
| Alcohol intake | ||||
| 0 | 60.5 | 46.4 | 47.2 | |
| ≤1 drink/day | 33.7 | 45 | 46.2 | |
| >1 drink/day | 5.9 | 8.6 | 6.6 | —* |
| Medications (%) | ||||
| Anti-inflammatory drugs | 53.4 | 54.0 | 52.9 | NS |
| Estrogen | 8.5 | 11.3 | 12.4 | —* |
| Statins | 14.8 | 15.4 | 10.4 | —*† |
| Blood glucose | ||||
| Fasting glucose (mg/dl) | 141.8 ± 51.5 | 99.2 ± 9.9 | 88.6 ± 6.3 | —*† |
| 2-h glucose test (mg/dl) | 233 (n = 263) (209–282) | 150 (133–168) | 104 (90–120) | —*†‡ |
| A1C (%) | 7.6 ± 1.5 | 6.1 ± 0.6 | 5.9 ± 0.5 | —*† |
| Body composition | ||||
| Weight (kg) | 80.6 ± 14.8 | 76.4 ± 14.9 | 73.2 ± 14.3 | —*† |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.9 ± 4.8 | 27.9 ± 4.9 | 26.4 ± 4.4 | —*† |
| Total fat (kg) (DXA) | 27.5 ± 8.8 | 27.1 ± 8.8 | 24.4 ± 8.0 | —*† |
| Visceral fat (cm2) | 167.2 ± 72.6 | 152.4 ± 64.7 | 127 ± 60.4 | —*† |
| Characteristic . | Diabetes . | IFG/IGT . | NGT . | P . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | 650 (24.2) | 787 (29.3) | 1,246 (46.4) | |
| Sociodemographic | ||||
| Age (years) | 73.7 ± 2.8 | 73.7 ± 2.9 | 73.5 ± 2.9 | NS |
| Male sex (%) | 55.1 | 46.3 | 48.1 | —* |
| Blacks (%) | 52.2 | 37 | 36.4 | —* |
| Education <12 years | 32.3 | 22.6 | 23.4 | —* |
| Health status (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 68.4 | 59.0 | 51.4 | —*† |
| Coronary heart disease | 27.7 | 20.0 | 17.7 | —* |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 10 | 7.6 | 7.4 | —* |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 20.5 | 13.4 | 11.9 | —* |
| Renal insufficiency | 11.4 | 7.4 | 7.0 | —* |
| Arthritis | 13.3 | 19.8 | 17.3 | —* |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 138.8 ± 21.5 | 136.5 ± 21.3 | 134.0 ± 20.8 | —*† |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 70.5 ± 11.7 | 72.4 ± 11.5 | 71.3 ± 11.6 | —† |
| Ankle arm index (AAI) | ||||
| Lowest AAI | 1.03 ± 0.19 | 1.07 ± 0.19 | 1.08 ± 0.18 | —* |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Never | 41.8 | 44.7 | 45.3 | |
| Current | 8.8 | 9.2 | 11.3 | |
| Former | 49.4 | 46.1 | 43.4 | —* |
| Pack-years of cigarettes | 5 (0–32) | 4 (0–32) | 3 (0–27) | —*‡ |
| Alcohol intake | ||||
| 0 | 60.5 | 46.4 | 47.2 | |
| ≤1 drink/day | 33.7 | 45 | 46.2 | |
| >1 drink/day | 5.9 | 8.6 | 6.6 | —* |
| Medications (%) | ||||
| Anti-inflammatory drugs | 53.4 | 54.0 | 52.9 | NS |
| Estrogen | 8.5 | 11.3 | 12.4 | —* |
| Statins | 14.8 | 15.4 | 10.4 | —*† |
| Blood glucose | ||||
| Fasting glucose (mg/dl) | 141.8 ± 51.5 | 99.2 ± 9.9 | 88.6 ± 6.3 | —*† |
| 2-h glucose test (mg/dl) | 233 (n = 263) (209–282) | 150 (133–168) | 104 (90–120) | —*†‡ |
| A1C (%) | 7.6 ± 1.5 | 6.1 ± 0.6 | 5.9 ± 0.5 | —*† |
| Body composition | ||||
| Weight (kg) | 80.6 ± 14.8 | 76.4 ± 14.9 | 73.2 ± 14.3 | —*† |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.9 ± 4.8 | 27.9 ± 4.9 | 26.4 ± 4.4 | —*† |
| Total fat (kg) (DXA) | 27.5 ± 8.8 | 27.1 ± 8.8 | 24.4 ± 8.0 | —*† |
| Visceral fat (cm2) | 167.2 ± 72.6 | 152.4 ± 64.7 | 127 ± 60.4 | —*† |
Data are means ± SD or median (interquartile range) unless otherwise noted.
P < 0.05, comparison between diabetic and NGT population.
P < 0.05, comparison between IFG/IGT and NGT population.
Wilcoxon rank-sum test. DXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.