American Diabetes Association

Table 1—

Baseline characteristics of the study population by level of caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee consumption

	Caffeinated coffee									Decaffeinated coffee
		No cups per day	Less than one cup per day	One cup per day	Two to three cups per day	Four or more cups per day	No cups day	Less than one cup per day	One cup per day	Two or more cups per day
Median	0	0.40	1.1	2.5	4.5	0	0.14	1.0	2.5
n (participants)	33,375	14,020	11,292	21,672	7,900	56,728	19,605	5,999	5,927
Age (years)	35.6	35.4	36.2	36.8	37.6	35.8	36.2	37.1	38.2
BMI (kg/m²)	24.9	24.6	24.2	24.1	24.6	24.8	24.1	24.0	24.2
Physical activity (MET h/week)	20.3	20.6	22.0	21.8	21.4	20.6	21.2	22.2	22.3
Current smoker (%)	6.7	7.7	10.0	16.9	35.6	13.7	9.0	8.7	13.3
Family history of diabetes (%)	16.1	15.6	15.4	15.7	17.6	16.3	15.0	15.7	15.7
Hypertension (%)	3.6	3.6	3.1	2.6	2.5	3.4	2.8	3.1	2.5
Hypercholesterolemia (%)	9.6	9.3	8.9	8.6	9.7	9.3	9.1	9.3	8.6
Ever hormone replacement therapy (%)	7.3	6.9	7.1	6.5	6.9	7.1	6.6	6.9	7.0
Current oral contraceptive use (%)	10.7	12.1	12.1	10.6	8.2	11.7	9.7	8.2	7.8
Dietary intake
Total energy (kcal/day)	1,777	1,781	1,787	1,788	1,832	1,768	1,822	1,819	1,829
Alcohol consumption (g/day)	1.8	2.8	3.5	4.7	4.6	3.0	3.4	3.0	3.6
P:S ratio	0.52	0.53	0.53	0.52	0.51	0.52	0.53	0.54	0.53
Cereal fiber (g/day)	5.6	5.7	5.8	5.6	5.3	5.4	5.9	6.1	6.0
Glycemic index	54.6	54.1	53.7	53.2	52.5	54.1	53.7	53.3	52.6
Processed meat (servings/day)	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sugar-sweetened soft drinks (servings/day)	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2
High-fat dairy (servings/day)	0.8	0.9	1.0	1.1	1.2	0.9	1.0	0.9	1.0
Low-fat dairy (servings/day)	1.4	1.4	1.3	1.3	1.2	1.3	1.5	1.5	1.5
Tea (cups/day)	0.8	0.8	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.8	0.6	0.6	0.6
Decaffeinated coffee (cups/day)	0.3	0.5	0.4	0.3	0.2
Caffeinated coffee (cups/day)						1.2	1.4	1.1	1.0
Magnesium (g/day)	302	312	318	327	344	307	324	335	346
Caffeine (mg/day)	80	118	204	415	747	253	249	205	198

	Caffeinated coffee									Decaffeinated coffee
		No cups per day	Less than one cup per day	One cup per day	Two to three cups per day	Four or more cups per day	No cups day	Less than one cup per day	One cup per day	Two or more cups per day
Median	0	0.40	1.1	2.5	4.5	0	0.14	1.0	2.5
n (participants)	33,375	14,020	11,292	21,672	7,900	56,728	19,605	5,999	5,927
Age (years)	35.6	35.4	36.2	36.8	37.6	35.8	36.2	37.1	38.2
BMI (kg/m²)	24.9	24.6	24.2	24.1	24.6	24.8	24.1	24.0	24.2
Physical activity (MET h/week)	20.3	20.6	22.0	21.8	21.4	20.6	21.2	22.2	22.3
Current smoker (%)	6.7	7.7	10.0	16.9	35.6	13.7	9.0	8.7	13.3
Family history of diabetes (%)	16.1	15.6	15.4	15.7	17.6	16.3	15.0	15.7	15.7
Hypertension (%)	3.6	3.6	3.1	2.6	2.5	3.4	2.8	3.1	2.5
Hypercholesterolemia (%)	9.6	9.3	8.9	8.6	9.7	9.3	9.1	9.3	8.6
Ever hormone replacement therapy (%)	7.3	6.9	7.1	6.5	6.9	7.1	6.6	6.9	7.0
Current oral contraceptive use (%)	10.7	12.1	12.1	10.6	8.2	11.7	9.7	8.2	7.8
Dietary intake
Total energy (kcal/day)	1,777	1,781	1,787	1,788	1,832	1,768	1,822	1,819	1,829
Alcohol consumption (g/day)	1.8	2.8	3.5	4.7	4.6	3.0	3.4	3.0	3.6
P:S ratio	0.52	0.53	0.53	0.52	0.51	0.52	0.53	0.54	0.53
Cereal fiber (g/day)	5.6	5.7	5.8	5.6	5.3	5.4	5.9	6.1	6.0
Glycemic index	54.6	54.1	53.7	53.2	52.5	54.1	53.7	53.3	52.6
Processed meat (servings/day)	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sugar-sweetened soft drinks (servings/day)	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2
High-fat dairy (servings/day)	0.8	0.9	1.0	1.1	1.2	0.9	1.0	0.9	1.0
Low-fat dairy (servings/day)	1.4	1.4	1.3	1.3	1.2	1.3	1.5	1.5	1.5
Tea (cups/day)	0.8	0.8	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.8	0.6	0.6	0.6
Decaffeinated coffee (cups/day)	0.3	0.5	0.4	0.3	0.2
Caffeinated coffee (cups/day)						1.2	1.4	1.1	1.0
Magnesium (g/day)	302	312	318	327	344	307	324	335	346
Caffeine (mg/day)	80	118	204	415	747	253	249	205	198

Data are means, unless otherwise indicated. Data, except age, were directly standardized to the age distribution of entire cohort. MET, metabolic equivalent, P:S ratio, ratio of polyunsaturated and saturated fat intake.

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