Baseline characteristics of the study participants, grouped according to vitamin D status
| Variables . | Without hypovitaminosis D [25(OH)D: 29.0 ± 9 ng/ml] . | With hypovitaminosis D [25(OH)D: 13.6 ± 3.3 ng/ml] . | P . |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 180 | 279 | — |
| Sex (% men) | 74 | 57 | 0.001 |
| Age (years) | 61 ± 7 | 62 ± 7 | NS |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.2 ± 4.5 | 29.7 ± 5.1 | NS |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 106.8 ± 12 | 107 ± 12 | NS |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 11 ± 8 | 12 ± 8 | NS |
| Diet only (%) | 17 | 14 | NS |
| Oral hypoglycemic agents only (%) | 64 | 57 | NS |
| Insulin treatment (%) | 19 | 29 | 0.01 |
| Statin users (%) | 20.6 | 31.2 | 0.01 |
| Aspirin users (%) | 20.6 | 33.7 | 0.01 |
| Current smokers (%) | 16.7 | 19.7 | NS |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 144 ± 18 | 145 ± 17 | NS |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 80 ± 7 | 80 ± 8 | NS |
| A1C (%) | 7.0 ± 1.3 | 7.4 ± 1.3 | 0.01 |
| (ln)triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.74 ± 0.8 | 2.02 ± 1.3 | 0.01 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.33 ± 0.3 | 1.36 ± 0.4 | NS |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 3.49 ± 0.9 | 3.40 ± 0.9 | NS |
| Creatinine (μmol/l) | 74 ± 15 | 76 ± 18 | NS |
| Calcium (mmol/l) | 2.35 ± 0.1 | 2.38 ± 0.2 | NS |
| Fibrinogen (g/l) | 4.02 ± 0.9 | 4.56 ± 0.9 | 0.001 |
| (ln)hs-CRP (mg/l) | 3.85 ± 5.4 | 5.10 ± 6.7 | 0.001 |
| Microalbuminuria (%) | 18 | 18.4 | NS |
| Macroalbuminuria (%) | 5.8 | 6.5 | NS |
| Adult Treatment Panel III: metabolic syndrome (%) | 78.7 | 84.2 | NS |
| Cardiovascular disease (%) | |||
| “Aggregate” end point | 24.4 | 35.5 | 0.01 |
| Coronary | 9.5 | 22.9 | 0.001 |
| Cerebrovascular | 7.8 | 13.5 | 0.06 |
| Peripheral | 9.9 | 8.0 | NS |
| Variables . | Without hypovitaminosis D [25(OH)D: 29.0 ± 9 ng/ml] . | With hypovitaminosis D [25(OH)D: 13.6 ± 3.3 ng/ml] . | P . |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 180 | 279 | — |
| Sex (% men) | 74 | 57 | 0.001 |
| Age (years) | 61 ± 7 | 62 ± 7 | NS |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.2 ± 4.5 | 29.7 ± 5.1 | NS |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 106.8 ± 12 | 107 ± 12 | NS |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 11 ± 8 | 12 ± 8 | NS |
| Diet only (%) | 17 | 14 | NS |
| Oral hypoglycemic agents only (%) | 64 | 57 | NS |
| Insulin treatment (%) | 19 | 29 | 0.01 |
| Statin users (%) | 20.6 | 31.2 | 0.01 |
| Aspirin users (%) | 20.6 | 33.7 | 0.01 |
| Current smokers (%) | 16.7 | 19.7 | NS |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 144 ± 18 | 145 ± 17 | NS |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 80 ± 7 | 80 ± 8 | NS |
| A1C (%) | 7.0 ± 1.3 | 7.4 ± 1.3 | 0.01 |
| (ln)triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.74 ± 0.8 | 2.02 ± 1.3 | 0.01 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.33 ± 0.3 | 1.36 ± 0.4 | NS |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 3.49 ± 0.9 | 3.40 ± 0.9 | NS |
| Creatinine (μmol/l) | 74 ± 15 | 76 ± 18 | NS |
| Calcium (mmol/l) | 2.35 ± 0.1 | 2.38 ± 0.2 | NS |
| Fibrinogen (g/l) | 4.02 ± 0.9 | 4.56 ± 0.9 | 0.001 |
| (ln)hs-CRP (mg/l) | 3.85 ± 5.4 | 5.10 ± 6.7 | 0.001 |
| Microalbuminuria (%) | 18 | 18.4 | NS |
| Macroalbuminuria (%) | 5.8 | 6.5 | NS |
| Adult Treatment Panel III: metabolic syndrome (%) | 78.7 | 84.2 | NS |
| Cardiovascular disease (%) | |||
| “Aggregate” end point | 24.4 | 35.5 | 0.01 |
| Coronary | 9.5 | 22.9 | 0.001 |
| Cerebrovascular | 7.8 | 13.5 | 0.06 |
| Peripheral | 9.9 | 8.0 | NS |
Data are the means ± SD, unless otherwise indicated. Differences were assessed by the unpaired t test (for normally distributed variables) and by the χ2 test (for categorical variables).