American Diabetes Association

Table 1—

Baseline characteristics by glucose tolerance group

	NGT	IGT	Type 2 diabetes	P value
n	20	20	20
Men/women	9/11	9/11	11/9	0.77
Age (years)	32.8 ± 2.5	56.0 ± 2.6^*	53.1 ± 1.5^*	<0.001
Body weight (kg)	69.6 ± 3.2	87.6 ± 3.7^†	94.7 ± 4.4^*	<0.001
BMI (kg/m²)	24.3 ± 0.3	29.8 ± 0.9^*	31.4 ± 0.7^*	<0.001
Waist-to-hip ratio	0.84 ± 0.02	1.21 ± 0.04^*	1.28 ± 0.03^*	<0.001
Fat mass (%)	24.5 ± 0.7	34.9 ± 1.9^*	38.2 ± 1.8^*	<0.001
Tobacco use (n)	1 (5)	4 (20)	8 (40)^‡	0.03
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l)	5.2 ± 0.1	5.7 ± 0.1^‡	6.2 ± 0.1^†	<0.001
2-h OGTT glucose (mmol/l)	6.0 ± 0.2	9.4 ± 0.2^*	13.1 ± 0.3^*	<0.001
Fasting plasma insulin (pmol/l)	66 ± 8	695 ± 110^*	319 ± 47^‡	<0.001
Whole-blood glucose uptake (μmol · kg⁻¹ · min⁻¹)	75.9 ± 3.8	18.7 ± 9.0^*	21.5 ± 9.2^*	<0.001
Free fatty acids (mmol/l)	0.41 ± 0.04	0.54 ± 0.06	0.56 ± 0.06	0.11
Fasting leptin (pmol/l)
Male	2.8 ± 0.7	20.7 ± 3.0^†	31.9 ± 3.5^*	<0.001
Female	6.1 ± 0.8	42.2 ± 7.2^*	53.2 ± 5.3^*	<0.001
Total cholesterol (mmol/l)	4.62 ± 0.11	5.34 ± 0.12^†	5.60 ± 0.16^*	<0.001
Total HDL (mmol/l)	1.62 ± 0.07	1.21 ± 0.04^*	1.11 ± 0.04^*	<0.001
Total LDL (mmol/l)	2.34 ± 0.10	3.22 ± 0.12^*	3.30 ± 0.19^*	<0.001
Triglycerides (mmol/l)	2.03 ± 0.06	2.01 ± 0.10	2.11 ± 0.07	0.63
ADIPO_L (μg/ml)	8.95 ± 0.55	3.38 ± 0.26^*	3.48 ± 0.42^*	<0.001
ADIPO_M (μg/ml)	8.81 ± 3.43	3.51 ± 1.47^*	3.82 ± 2.16^*	<0.001
ADIPO_A (μg/ml)	6.72 ± 0.65	6.25 ± 0.68	5.15 ± 0.90	0.32
HMW adiponectin (μg/ml)	2.88 ± 0.32	2.80 ± 0.44	2.42 ± 0.63	0.78

	NGT	IGT	Type 2 diabetes	P value
n	20	20	20
Men/women	9/11	9/11	11/9	0.77
Age (years)	32.8 ± 2.5	56.0 ± 2.6^*	53.1 ± 1.5^*	<0.001
Body weight (kg)	69.6 ± 3.2	87.6 ± 3.7^†	94.7 ± 4.4^*	<0.001
BMI (kg/m²)	24.3 ± 0.3	29.8 ± 0.9^*	31.4 ± 0.7^*	<0.001
Waist-to-hip ratio	0.84 ± 0.02	1.21 ± 0.04^*	1.28 ± 0.03^*	<0.001
Fat mass (%)	24.5 ± 0.7	34.9 ± 1.9^*	38.2 ± 1.8^*	<0.001
Tobacco use (n)	1 (5)	4 (20)	8 (40)^‡	0.03
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l)	5.2 ± 0.1	5.7 ± 0.1^‡	6.2 ± 0.1^†	<0.001
2-h OGTT glucose (mmol/l)	6.0 ± 0.2	9.4 ± 0.2^*	13.1 ± 0.3^*	<0.001
Fasting plasma insulin (pmol/l)	66 ± 8	695 ± 110^*	319 ± 47^‡	<0.001
Whole-blood glucose uptake (μmol · kg⁻¹ · min⁻¹)	75.9 ± 3.8	18.7 ± 9.0^*	21.5 ± 9.2^*	<0.001
Free fatty acids (mmol/l)	0.41 ± 0.04	0.54 ± 0.06	0.56 ± 0.06	0.11
Fasting leptin (pmol/l)
Male	2.8 ± 0.7	20.7 ± 3.0^†	31.9 ± 3.5^*	<0.001
Female	6.1 ± 0.8	42.2 ± 7.2^*	53.2 ± 5.3^*	<0.001
Total cholesterol (mmol/l)	4.62 ± 0.11	5.34 ± 0.12^†	5.60 ± 0.16^*	<0.001
Total HDL (mmol/l)	1.62 ± 0.07	1.21 ± 0.04^*	1.11 ± 0.04^*	<0.001
Total LDL (mmol/l)	2.34 ± 0.10	3.22 ± 0.12^*	3.30 ± 0.19^*	<0.001
Triglycerides (mmol/l)	2.03 ± 0.06	2.01 ± 0.10	2.11 ± 0.07	0.63
ADIPO_L (μg/ml)	8.95 ± 0.55	3.38 ± 0.26^*	3.48 ± 0.42^*	<0.001
ADIPO_M (μg/ml)	8.81 ± 3.43	3.51 ± 1.47^*	3.82 ± 2.16^*	<0.001
ADIPO_A (μg/ml)	6.72 ± 0.65	6.25 ± 0.68	5.15 ± 0.90	0.32
HMW adiponectin (μg/ml)	2.88 ± 0.32	2.80 ± 0.44	2.42 ± 0.63	0.78

Data are means ± SD.

P < 0.001 for Bonferroni-corrected comparison with the group with NGT.

†

P < 0.01 for Bonferroni-corrected comparison with the group with NGT.

‡

P < 0.05 for Bonferroni-corrected comparison with the group with NGT.