Effect of the metabolic syndrome and its component risk factors on total costs
| Variable . | Univariate model . | Multivariable model 1* . | Multivariable model 2† . | Multivariable model 3‡ . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metabolic syndrome | 23.7 (14.4 to 33.8)§ | 29.6 (18.8 to 41.5)§ | 7.6 (−6.8 to 24.3) | |
| Waist circumference >102 cm in men and >88 cm in women | 8.7 (0.5 to 17.5)‖ | 14.9 (4.3 to 26.7)¶ | 12.1 (0.3 to 25.2)‖ | |
| Serum triglycerides ≥1.7 mmol/l | 14.9 (6.1 to 24.4)§ | 8.2 (−3.6 to 21.4) | 5.8 (−6.7 to 19.9) | |
| HDL cholesterol <1.0 mmol/l in men and <1.3 mmol/l in women | 20.2 (9.9 to 31.6)§ | 15.8 (1.7 to 31.8)‖ | 13.3 (−0.5 to 29.1) | |
| Blood pressure ≥130/85 mmHg | 21.5 (11.6 to 32.4)§ | 20.4 (10.1 to 31.7)§ | 18.2 (7.2 to 30.5)§ | |
| Serum glucose ≥6.1 mmol/l | 15.7 (6.9 to 25.1)§ | 1.2 (−7.1 to 10.2) | –1.1 (−9.9 to 8.5) |
| Variable . | Univariate model . | Multivariable model 1* . | Multivariable model 2† . | Multivariable model 3‡ . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metabolic syndrome | 23.7 (14.4 to 33.8)§ | 29.6 (18.8 to 41.5)§ | 7.6 (−6.8 to 24.3) | |
| Waist circumference >102 cm in men and >88 cm in women | 8.7 (0.5 to 17.5)‖ | 14.9 (4.3 to 26.7)¶ | 12.1 (0.3 to 25.2)‖ | |
| Serum triglycerides ≥1.7 mmol/l | 14.9 (6.1 to 24.4)§ | 8.2 (−3.6 to 21.4) | 5.8 (−6.7 to 19.9) | |
| HDL cholesterol <1.0 mmol/l in men and <1.3 mmol/l in women | 20.2 (9.9 to 31.6)§ | 15.8 (1.7 to 31.8)‖ | 13.3 (−0.5 to 29.1) | |
| Blood pressure ≥130/85 mmHg | 21.5 (11.6 to 32.4)§ | 20.4 (10.1 to 31.7)§ | 18.2 (7.2 to 30.5)§ | |
| Serum glucose ≥6.1 mmol/l | 15.7 (6.9 to 25.1)§ | 1.2 (−7.1 to 10.2) | –1.1 (−9.9 to 8.5) |
Data are estimated percent changes in costs (95% CI).
Multivariable model 1 controls for age, sex, race/ethnicity, geographic region, current smoking status, and LDL cholesterol level, but does not include the composite metabolic syndrome variable.
Multivariable model 2 includes the composite metabolic syndrome variable and controls for age, sex, race/ethnicity, geographic region, current smoking status, and LDL cholesterol level.
Multivariable model 3 includes the composite metabolic syndrome variable and its component risk factors, and controls for age, sex, race/ethnicity, geographic region, current smoking status, and LDL cholesterol level.
P < 0.001.
P < 0.05.
P < 0.01.