Baseline variables by diabetes status stratified by sex
| Variable . | Women . | . | . | Men . | . | . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Diabetes . | No diabetes . | P . | Diabetes . | No diabetes . | P . | ||||
| n | 97,090 | 198,525 | 100,322 | 202,875 | ||||||
| Age-group | ||||||||||
| 66–75 years | 73.6 | 72.7 | <0.001 | 80.0 | 79.6 | 0.037 | ||||
| 76–90 years | 25.5 | 26.2 | 19.6 | 19.9 | ||||||
| 91+ years | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 0.4 | ||||||
| Income quintile | ||||||||||
| Lowest | 26.2 | 20.5 | <0.001 | 21.2 | 18.3 | <0.001 | ||||
| Highest | 13.7 | 19.3 | <0.001 | 17.3 | 20.9 | <0.001 | ||||
| Comorbidity | ||||||||||
| Chronic unstable disease | 44.9 | 32.6 | <0.001 | 51.4 | 39.8 | <0.001 | ||||
| Previous myocardial infarction | 3.3 | 1.0 | <0.001 | 4.5 | 2.1 | <0.001 | ||||
| Previous stroke | 1.5 | 0.6 | <0.001 | 2.3 | 1.0 | <0.001 | ||||
| Visual impairment | 29.5 | 20.4 | <0.001 | 22.8 | 14.6 | <0.001 | ||||
| Neuropathy | 3.7 | 1.7 | <0.001 | 4.5 | 1.9 | <0.001 | ||||
| Amputation | 0.3 | 0.0 | <0.001 | 0.6 | 0.0 | <0.001 | ||||
| Medications affecting BMD | ||||||||||
| Nitrates | 18.7 | 8.5 | <0.001 | 20.1 | 11.3 | <0.001 | ||||
| Statins | 13.6 | 7.7 | <0.001 | 13.6 | 8.1 | <0.001 | ||||
| Thiazides | 20.7 | 17.1 | <0.001 | 13.3 | 9.7 | <0.001 | ||||
| Inhaled corticosteroids | 7.3 | 5.8 | <0.001 | 6.6 | 6.1 | <0.001 | ||||
| Anticonvulsants | 1.0 | 0.7 | <0.001 | 1.0 | 0.6 | <0.001 | ||||
| Estrogen | 10.2 | 15.2 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Medications affecting risk of falling* | 59.5 | 47.1 | <0.001 | 52.3 | 40.1 | <0.001 | ||||
| Health care utilization | ||||||||||
| Number physician visits/year | ||||||||||
| ≤3 | 8.5 | 25.2 | <0.001 | 8.7 | 28.2 | <0.001 | ||||
| 4–6 | 18.0 | 28.4 | 18.5 | 28.1 | ||||||
| 7–10 | 30.0 | 25.7 | 29.7 | 23.7 | ||||||
| ≥11 | 43.6 | 20.7 | 43.1 | 20.0 | ||||||
| At least 1 BMD test | 22.3 | 33.1 | <0.001 | 3.6 | 4.7 | <0.001 | ||||
| Variable . | Women . | . | . | Men . | . | . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Diabetes . | No diabetes . | P . | Diabetes . | No diabetes . | P . | ||||
| n | 97,090 | 198,525 | 100,322 | 202,875 | ||||||
| Age-group | ||||||||||
| 66–75 years | 73.6 | 72.7 | <0.001 | 80.0 | 79.6 | 0.037 | ||||
| 76–90 years | 25.5 | 26.2 | 19.6 | 19.9 | ||||||
| 91+ years | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 0.4 | ||||||
| Income quintile | ||||||||||
| Lowest | 26.2 | 20.5 | <0.001 | 21.2 | 18.3 | <0.001 | ||||
| Highest | 13.7 | 19.3 | <0.001 | 17.3 | 20.9 | <0.001 | ||||
| Comorbidity | ||||||||||
| Chronic unstable disease | 44.9 | 32.6 | <0.001 | 51.4 | 39.8 | <0.001 | ||||
| Previous myocardial infarction | 3.3 | 1.0 | <0.001 | 4.5 | 2.1 | <0.001 | ||||
| Previous stroke | 1.5 | 0.6 | <0.001 | 2.3 | 1.0 | <0.001 | ||||
| Visual impairment | 29.5 | 20.4 | <0.001 | 22.8 | 14.6 | <0.001 | ||||
| Neuropathy | 3.7 | 1.7 | <0.001 | 4.5 | 1.9 | <0.001 | ||||
| Amputation | 0.3 | 0.0 | <0.001 | 0.6 | 0.0 | <0.001 | ||||
| Medications affecting BMD | ||||||||||
| Nitrates | 18.7 | 8.5 | <0.001 | 20.1 | 11.3 | <0.001 | ||||
| Statins | 13.6 | 7.7 | <0.001 | 13.6 | 8.1 | <0.001 | ||||
| Thiazides | 20.7 | 17.1 | <0.001 | 13.3 | 9.7 | <0.001 | ||||
| Inhaled corticosteroids | 7.3 | 5.8 | <0.001 | 6.6 | 6.1 | <0.001 | ||||
| Anticonvulsants | 1.0 | 0.7 | <0.001 | 1.0 | 0.6 | <0.001 | ||||
| Estrogen | 10.2 | 15.2 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Medications affecting risk of falling* | 59.5 | 47.1 | <0.001 | 52.3 | 40.1 | <0.001 | ||||
| Health care utilization | ||||||||||
| Number physician visits/year | ||||||||||
| ≤3 | 8.5 | 25.2 | <0.001 | 8.7 | 28.2 | <0.001 | ||||
| 4–6 | 18.0 | 28.4 | 18.5 | 28.1 | ||||||
| 7–10 | 30.0 | 25.7 | 29.7 | 23.7 | ||||||
| ≥11 | 43.6 | 20.7 | 43.1 | 20.0 | ||||||
| At least 1 BMD test | 22.3 | 33.1 | <0.001 | 3.6 | 4.7 | <0.001 | ||||
Data are %.
Medications include β-blockers, sedatives (benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and chloral hydrate), antidepressants (tricyclic and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), antiparkinsonian drugs (levodopa, bromocriptine, pergolide, ropinirole, and pramipexole), and opiates (codeine and morphine).