Characteristics of GDM patients compared with control subjects and univariate HRs for subsequent development of type 2 diabetes among the GDM group
| Covariate . | Control subjects (n = 783) . | GDM patients (n = 5,470) . | . | . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Baseline . | Baseline . | HR* . | P . | ||
| Race | ||||||
| Caucasian | 702 (89.6) | 3,901 (71.3) | 1 | |||
| Asian | 81 (10.4) | 1,559 (28.5) | 1.75 (1.42–2.16) | <0.001 | ||
| Aboriginal | — | 10 (0.2) | 3.26 (0.81–13.1) | |||
| Height (cm) | 162 ± 7.0 | 160 ± 6.5 | 1.0 (0.99–1.02) | 0.82 | ||
| Age (years) | 30.5 ± 4.6 | 30.7 ± 5.1 | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) | 0.002 | ||
| Parity | 3 (2–3) | 2 (2–3) | 1.02 (0.95–1.10) | 0.58 | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.8 ± 3.6 | 26.9 ± 4.9 | 1.11 (1.09–1.13) | <0.001 | ||
| Birth weight (g) | 3,420 ± 501 | 3,269 ± 555 | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 0.07 | ||
| BwtGC | 48 ± 27.9 | 47 ± 28.7 | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) | <0.001 | ||
| Gestational age (weeks) | 39.2 ± 3.4 | 38.4 ± 2.7 | 0.94 (0.92–0.96) | <0.001 | ||
| Insulin use in pregnancy | — | 684 (12.5) | 8.9 (7.1–11.1) | <0.001 | ||
| Family history of diabetes | 131 (17) | 1,313 (24) | 1.4 (1.1–1.7) | 0.002 | ||
| FBG (mmol) | 4.5 ± 0.6 | 5.2 ± 1.1 | 1.22 (1.19–1.25) | <0.001 | ||
| 1-h blood glucose (mmol) | 7.4 ± 1.2 | 10.1 ± 1.4 | 1.53 (1.48–1.58) | <0.001 | ||
| 2-h blood glucose (mmol) | 5.7 ± 1.0 | 8.1 ± 1.3 | 1.35 (1.32–1.39) | <0.001 | ||
| Covariate . | Control subjects (n = 783) . | GDM patients (n = 5,470) . | . | . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Baseline . | Baseline . | HR* . | P . | ||
| Race | ||||||
| Caucasian | 702 (89.6) | 3,901 (71.3) | 1 | |||
| Asian | 81 (10.4) | 1,559 (28.5) | 1.75 (1.42–2.16) | <0.001 | ||
| Aboriginal | — | 10 (0.2) | 3.26 (0.81–13.1) | |||
| Height (cm) | 162 ± 7.0 | 160 ± 6.5 | 1.0 (0.99–1.02) | 0.82 | ||
| Age (years) | 30.5 ± 4.6 | 30.7 ± 5.1 | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) | 0.002 | ||
| Parity | 3 (2–3) | 2 (2–3) | 1.02 (0.95–1.10) | 0.58 | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.8 ± 3.6 | 26.9 ± 4.9 | 1.11 (1.09–1.13) | <0.001 | ||
| Birth weight (g) | 3,420 ± 501 | 3,269 ± 555 | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 0.07 | ||
| BwtGC | 48 ± 27.9 | 47 ± 28.7 | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) | <0.001 | ||
| Gestational age (weeks) | 39.2 ± 3.4 | 38.4 ± 2.7 | 0.94 (0.92–0.96) | <0.001 | ||
| Insulin use in pregnancy | — | 684 (12.5) | 8.9 (7.1–11.1) | <0.001 | ||
| Family history of diabetes | 131 (17) | 1,313 (24) | 1.4 (1.1–1.7) | 0.002 | ||
| FBG (mmol) | 4.5 ± 0.6 | 5.2 ± 1.1 | 1.22 (1.19–1.25) | <0.001 | ||
| 1-h blood glucose (mmol) | 7.4 ± 1.2 | 10.1 ± 1.4 | 1.53 (1.48–1.58) | <0.001 | ||
| 2-h blood glucose (mmol) | 5.7 ± 1.0 | 8.1 ± 1.3 | 1.35 (1.32–1.39) | <0.001 | ||
Data are means ± SD, median (25th–75th percentile), or n (%).
HR (95% CI HR).