Mortality rates and hazard ratios (95% CIs) for selected mortality outcomes in relation to obesity and overweight in men with and without type 2 diabetes/IGT in the original Whitehall Study
| Mortality outcome . | Normoglycemic (n = 17,135) . | . | . | . | Diabetes /IGT (n = 1,225) . | . | . | . | P for interaction‖ . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Normal weight . | Overweight . | Obese . | P for trend . | Normal weight . | Overweight . | Obese . | P for trend . | . | ||||||
| n | 9,398 | 7,038 | 699 | 568 | 562 | 95 | |||||||||
| All causes* | |||||||||||||||
| Deaths | 6,367 | 5,169 | 570 | 454 | 453 | 88 | |||||||||
| Mortality rate (age adjusted)† | 29.7 | 31.0 | 37.2 | 35.9 | 35.3 | 56.8 | |||||||||
| Age adjusted | 1.0 (ref.) | 1.07 (1.03–1.11) | 1.43 (1.31–1.56) | <0.001 | 1.0 (ref.) | 1.02 (0.89–1.16) | 1.61 (1.28–2.02) | 0.008 | 0.58 | ||||||
| Confounder adjusted‡ | 1.0 | 1.09 (1.05–1.13) | 1.42 (1.30–1.53) | <0.001 | 1.0 | 1.06 (0.93–1.21) | 1.45 (1.15–1.82) | 0.01 | 0.89 | ||||||
| Multiple adjusted§ | 1.0 | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) | 1.26 (1.16–1.38) | <0.001 | 1.0 | 0.99 (0.87–1.13) | 1.29 (1.02–1.62) | 0.20 | 0.94 | ||||||
| CVD | |||||||||||||||
| Deaths | 2,844 | 2,604 | 314 | 225 | 240 | 54 | |||||||||
| Mortality rate (age adjusted) | 13.4 | 15.7 | 20.8 | 17.9 | 18.8 | 26.5 | |||||||||
| Age adjusted | 1.0 | 1.20 (1.14–1.26) | 1.74 (1.55–1.95) | <0.001 | 1.0 | 1.08 (0.90–1.30) | 1.92 (1.43–2.59) | 0.001 | 0.91 | ||||||
| Confounder adjusted | 1.0 | 1.22 (1.15–1.28) | 1.71 (1.52–1.92) | <0.001 | 1.0 | 1.13 (0.94–1.35) | 1.79 (1.33–2.42) | 0.001 | 0.98 | ||||||
| Multiple adjusted | 1.0 | 1.09 (1.03–1.15) | 1.40 (1.25–1.58) | <0.001 | 1.0 | 1.02 (0.85–1.30) | 1.53 (1.13–2.07) | 0.05 | 0.85 | ||||||
| CHD | |||||||||||||||
| Deaths | 1,756 | 1,670 | 205 | 142 | 167 | 41 | |||||||||
| Mortality rate (age adjusted) | 8.2 | 10.0 | 13.6 | 11.3 | 13.2 | 20.9 | |||||||||
| Age adjusted | 1.0 | 1.25 (1.17–1.33) | 1.80 (1.56–2.08) | <0.001 | 1.0 | 1.19 (0.95–1.49) | 2.20 (1.57–3.14) | <0.001 | 0.45 | ||||||
| Confounder adjusted | 1.0 | 1.26 (1.18–1.35) | 1.76 (1.52–2.03) | <0.001 | 1.0 | 1.23 (0.99–1.54) | 2.10 (1.48–2.97) | <0.001 | 0.47 | ||||||
| Multiple adjusted | 1.0 | 1.14 (1.06–1.22) | 1.47 (1.27–1.71) | <0.001 | 1.0 | 1.12 (0.89–1.40) | 1.83 (1.29–2.59) | 0.006 | 0.38 | ||||||
| All cancers | |||||||||||||||
| Deaths | 1,854 | 1,390 | 128 | 101 | 94 | 16 | |||||||||
| Mortality rate (age adjusted) | 8.4 | 8.2 | 8.3 | 8.0 | 7.4 | 8.6 | |||||||||
| Age adjusted | 1.0 | 1.00 (0.93–1.07) | 1.10 (0.92–1.31) | 0.67 | 1.0 | 0.95 (0.72–1.26) | 1.28 (0.76–2.18) | 0.72 | 0.82 | ||||||
| Confounder adjusted | 1.0 | 1.03 (0.96–1.10) | 1.12 (0.94–1.34) | 0.23 | 1.0 | 0.98 (0.74–1.30) | 1.14 (0.67–1.94) | 0.81 | 0.94 | ||||||
| Multiple adjusted | 1.0 | 1.02 (0.95–1.10) | 1.11 (0.92–1.33) | 0.34 | 1.0 | 0.98 (0.74–1.29) | 1.11 (0.85–1.46) | 0.88 | 0.90 | ||||||
| Mortality outcome . | Normoglycemic (n = 17,135) . | . | . | . | Diabetes /IGT (n = 1,225) . | . | . | . | P for interaction‖ . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Normal weight . | Overweight . | Obese . | P for trend . | Normal weight . | Overweight . | Obese . | P for trend . | . | ||||||
| n | 9,398 | 7,038 | 699 | 568 | 562 | 95 | |||||||||
| All causes* | |||||||||||||||
| Deaths | 6,367 | 5,169 | 570 | 454 | 453 | 88 | |||||||||
| Mortality rate (age adjusted)† | 29.7 | 31.0 | 37.2 | 35.9 | 35.3 | 56.8 | |||||||||
| Age adjusted | 1.0 (ref.) | 1.07 (1.03–1.11) | 1.43 (1.31–1.56) | <0.001 | 1.0 (ref.) | 1.02 (0.89–1.16) | 1.61 (1.28–2.02) | 0.008 | 0.58 | ||||||
| Confounder adjusted‡ | 1.0 | 1.09 (1.05–1.13) | 1.42 (1.30–1.53) | <0.001 | 1.0 | 1.06 (0.93–1.21) | 1.45 (1.15–1.82) | 0.01 | 0.89 | ||||||
| Multiple adjusted§ | 1.0 | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) | 1.26 (1.16–1.38) | <0.001 | 1.0 | 0.99 (0.87–1.13) | 1.29 (1.02–1.62) | 0.20 | 0.94 | ||||||
| CVD | |||||||||||||||
| Deaths | 2,844 | 2,604 | 314 | 225 | 240 | 54 | |||||||||
| Mortality rate (age adjusted) | 13.4 | 15.7 | 20.8 | 17.9 | 18.8 | 26.5 | |||||||||
| Age adjusted | 1.0 | 1.20 (1.14–1.26) | 1.74 (1.55–1.95) | <0.001 | 1.0 | 1.08 (0.90–1.30) | 1.92 (1.43–2.59) | 0.001 | 0.91 | ||||||
| Confounder adjusted | 1.0 | 1.22 (1.15–1.28) | 1.71 (1.52–1.92) | <0.001 | 1.0 | 1.13 (0.94–1.35) | 1.79 (1.33–2.42) | 0.001 | 0.98 | ||||||
| Multiple adjusted | 1.0 | 1.09 (1.03–1.15) | 1.40 (1.25–1.58) | <0.001 | 1.0 | 1.02 (0.85–1.30) | 1.53 (1.13–2.07) | 0.05 | 0.85 | ||||||
| CHD | |||||||||||||||
| Deaths | 1,756 | 1,670 | 205 | 142 | 167 | 41 | |||||||||
| Mortality rate (age adjusted) | 8.2 | 10.0 | 13.6 | 11.3 | 13.2 | 20.9 | |||||||||
| Age adjusted | 1.0 | 1.25 (1.17–1.33) | 1.80 (1.56–2.08) | <0.001 | 1.0 | 1.19 (0.95–1.49) | 2.20 (1.57–3.14) | <0.001 | 0.45 | ||||||
| Confounder adjusted | 1.0 | 1.26 (1.18–1.35) | 1.76 (1.52–2.03) | <0.001 | 1.0 | 1.23 (0.99–1.54) | 2.10 (1.48–2.97) | <0.001 | 0.47 | ||||||
| Multiple adjusted | 1.0 | 1.14 (1.06–1.22) | 1.47 (1.27–1.71) | <0.001 | 1.0 | 1.12 (0.89–1.40) | 1.83 (1.29–2.59) | 0.006 | 0.38 | ||||||
| All cancers | |||||||||||||||
| Deaths | 1,854 | 1,390 | 128 | 101 | 94 | 16 | |||||||||
| Mortality rate (age adjusted) | 8.4 | 8.2 | 8.3 | 8.0 | 7.4 | 8.6 | |||||||||
| Age adjusted | 1.0 | 1.00 (0.93–1.07) | 1.10 (0.92–1.31) | 0.67 | 1.0 | 0.95 (0.72–1.26) | 1.28 (0.76–2.18) | 0.72 | 0.82 | ||||||
| Confounder adjusted | 1.0 | 1.03 (0.96–1.10) | 1.12 (0.94–1.34) | 0.23 | 1.0 | 0.98 (0.74–1.30) | 1.14 (0.67–1.94) | 0.81 | 0.94 | ||||||
| Multiple adjusted | 1.0 | 1.02 (0.95–1.10) | 1.11 (0.92–1.33) | 0.34 | 1.0 | 0.98 (0.74–1.29) | 1.11 (0.85–1.46) | 0.88 | 0.90 | ||||||
Forty-three men with unknown cause of death have been excluded from the cause-specific analyses.
Mortality rates are expressed per 1,000 person-years.
Confounder-adjusted model adjusted for age, employment grade, physical activity, smoking habit, marital status, disease at entry, and weight loss in the last year.
Multiple-adjusted model adjusted for all potential confounding variables (as above) plus blood pressure–lowering medication, height-adjusted forced expiratory volume in 1 s, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and plasma cholesterol.
Tests of interaction to determine if the linear trend across BMI categories was the same in normoglycemic subjects and men with diabetes/IGT. Disease categories utilized were: deaths due to CVD (ICD8/9, 390–458; ICD10, I00-I99), CHD (ICD8/9, 410–414; ICD10, I20-I25), and all cancers (ICD-8, 140–208; ICD-9, 140–209; ICD-10, 140–208; C00-C97).