Baseline characteristics of participants
| Variable . | All participants . | Male subjects . | Female subjects . | P . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 23 | 10 | 13 | |
| Age (years) | 42 ± 15 (23–70) | 47 ± 14 (30–69) | 38 ± 15 (23–70) | NS |
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | — | — | — | — |
| Systolic | 116 ± 13 (89–142) | 121 ± 12 (101–137) | 112 ± 13 (89–142) | NS |
| Diastolic | 71 ± 7 (54–81) | 72 ± 8 (54–81) | 71 ± 6 (62–80) | NS |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.8 ± 3.8 (20.3–32.5) | 26.2 ± 3.2 (21.4–29.5) | 25.8 ± 4.3 (20.3–32.5) | NS |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 89 ± 13 (67–117) | 96 ± 11 (80–117) | 82 ± 11 (67–99) | 0.02 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 103 ± 9 (83–119) | 102 ± 9 (91–119) | 103 ± 10 (83–116) | NS |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/l) | 4.8 ± 0.5 (3.8–6.0) | 5.1 ± 0.4 (4.7–6.0) | 4.5 ± 0.4 (3.8–5.2) | 0.002 |
| Fasting insulin (pmol/l) | 67 ± 32 (10–171) | 61 ± 22 (24–100) | 72 ± 39 (10–171) | NS |
| HOMA* | 2.06 ± 1.07 (0.27–5.58) | 2.01 ± 0.79 (0.73–3.45) | 2.09 ± 1.28 (0.27–5.58) | NS |
| Cholesterol (mmol/l) | — | — | — | — |
| Total | 4.62 ± 0.83 (2.90–6.62) | 4.76 ± 0.65 (3.85–5.79) | 4.52 ± 0.97 (2.90–6.62) | NS |
| LDL | 2.79 ± 0.67 (1.32–4.32) | 3.06 ± 0.47 (2.30–3.85) | 2.58 ± 0.74 (1.32–4.32) | 0.01 |
| HDL | 1.45 ± 0.29 (1.07–2.15) | 1.25 ± 0.13 (1.07–1.45) | 1.60 ± 0.30 (1.11–2.15) | NS |
| Triglyceride (mmol/l) | 0.86 ± 0.42 (0.45–2.09) | 1.00 ± 0.40 (0.45–1.69) | 0.76 ± 0.42 (0.49–2.09) | NS |
| Variable . | All participants . | Male subjects . | Female subjects . | P . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 23 | 10 | 13 | |
| Age (years) | 42 ± 15 (23–70) | 47 ± 14 (30–69) | 38 ± 15 (23–70) | NS |
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | — | — | — | — |
| Systolic | 116 ± 13 (89–142) | 121 ± 12 (101–137) | 112 ± 13 (89–142) | NS |
| Diastolic | 71 ± 7 (54–81) | 72 ± 8 (54–81) | 71 ± 6 (62–80) | NS |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.8 ± 3.8 (20.3–32.5) | 26.2 ± 3.2 (21.4–29.5) | 25.8 ± 4.3 (20.3–32.5) | NS |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 89 ± 13 (67–117) | 96 ± 11 (80–117) | 82 ± 11 (67–99) | 0.02 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 103 ± 9 (83–119) | 102 ± 9 (91–119) | 103 ± 10 (83–116) | NS |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/l) | 4.8 ± 0.5 (3.8–6.0) | 5.1 ± 0.4 (4.7–6.0) | 4.5 ± 0.4 (3.8–5.2) | 0.002 |
| Fasting insulin (pmol/l) | 67 ± 32 (10–171) | 61 ± 22 (24–100) | 72 ± 39 (10–171) | NS |
| HOMA* | 2.06 ± 1.07 (0.27–5.58) | 2.01 ± 0.79 (0.73–3.45) | 2.09 ± 1.28 (0.27–5.58) | NS |
| Cholesterol (mmol/l) | — | — | — | — |
| Total | 4.62 ± 0.83 (2.90–6.62) | 4.76 ± 0.65 (3.85–5.79) | 4.52 ± 0.97 (2.90–6.62) | NS |
| LDL | 2.79 ± 0.67 (1.32–4.32) | 3.06 ± 0.47 (2.30–3.85) | 2.58 ± 0.74 (1.32–4.32) | 0.01 |
| HDL | 1.45 ± 0.29 (1.07–2.15) | 1.25 ± 0.13 (1.07–1.45) | 1.60 ± 0.30 (1.11–2.15) | NS |
| Triglyceride (mmol/l) | 0.86 ± 0.42 (0.45–2.09) | 1.00 ± 0.40 (0.45–1.69) | 0.76 ± 0.42 (0.49–2.09) | NS |
Data are means ± SD (range) unless otherwise indicated. An unpaired t test was conducted for the comparison of male vs. female subjects.
Homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) = glucose (mmol/l) × [insulin (μU/ml)/22.5].