Participant characteristics
| Characteristic . | Youth . |
|---|---|
| n | 202 |
| Age (years) | 13.3 ± 2.4 (8.2–18.7) |
| Sex (% female) | 54 (—) |
| Ethnicity (% white, not of Hispanic origin) | 91 (—) |
| Socioeconomic status* | 3.0 ± 1.5 (1–6) |
| Family status (% two parent family) | 81 (—) |
| Type 1 diabetes duration (years) | 6.0 ± 3.2 (0.8–14.3) |
| A1C | 8.5 ± 1.5 (5.9–14.3) |
| Insulin (units · kg−1 · day−1) | 1.0 ± 0.2 (0.4–1.8) |
| BGM | 4.2 ± 1.6 (1–11) |
| ≤3 times/day (%) | 25 (—) |
| 4 times/day (%) | 43 (—) |
| ≥5 times/day (%) | 32 (—) |
| Insulin injections | — |
| 2/day (%) | 17 (—) |
| 3/day (%) | 51 (—) |
| 4+/day (%) | 11 (—) |
| Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (%) | 21 (—) |
| Characteristic . | Youth . |
|---|---|
| n | 202 |
| Age (years) | 13.3 ± 2.4 (8.2–18.7) |
| Sex (% female) | 54 (—) |
| Ethnicity (% white, not of Hispanic origin) | 91 (—) |
| Socioeconomic status* | 3.0 ± 1.5 (1–6) |
| Family status (% two parent family) | 81 (—) |
| Type 1 diabetes duration (years) | 6.0 ± 3.2 (0.8–14.3) |
| A1C | 8.5 ± 1.5 (5.9–14.3) |
| Insulin (units · kg−1 · day−1) | 1.0 ± 0.2 (0.4–1.8) |
| BGM | 4.2 ± 1.6 (1–11) |
| ≤3 times/day (%) | 25 (—) |
| 4 times/day (%) | 43 (—) |
| ≥5 times/day (%) | 32 (—) |
| Insulin injections | — |
| 2/day (%) | 17 (—) |
| 3/day (%) | 51 (—) |
| 4+/day (%) | 11 (—) |
| Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (%) | 21 (—) |
Scores are shown as mean ± SD (range).
Shown as mean on Hollingshead Index scale from 1 to 6: 1, major professional (e.g., physician, lawyer); 3, skilled worker (e.g., administrative personnel); 6, unemployed/ retired/ student.