Distribution of perception of risk or chance for future diabetes and association with participant characteristics
| . | Total . | Almost no chance . | Slight chance . | Moderate chance . | High chance . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 217 | 16 | 76 | 88 | 35 |
| Age (years) | 35.7 ± 5.4 | 34.5 ± 5.7 | 36.4 ± 5.5 | 35.7 ± 5.1 | 34.9 ± 5.6 |
| Race | |||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 71 | 69 | 68 | 71 | 74 |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 13 | 13 | 16 | 15 | 3 |
| African American | 7 | 6 | 4 | 8 | 9 |
| Other | 10 | 13 | 12 | 6 | 15 |
| Education | |||||
| Less than high school or high school | 7 | 25 | 3 | 8 | 9 |
| Some college | 29 | 19 | 25 | 26 | 44 |
| College graduate or more | 64 | 56 | 72 | 66 | 47 |
| Annual household income | |||||
| <$15,000 per year | 4 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 0 |
| $15,000 to <$40,000 | 12 | 21 | 7 | 12 | 21 |
| $40,000 to <$75,0000 | 32 | 36 | 23 | 35 | 39 |
| ≥$75,000 | 52 | 43 | 64 | 48 | 39 |
| Family history of diabetes* | 52 | 31 | 43 | 66 | 50 |
| History of dyslipidemia | 23 | 6 | 25 | 24 | 23 |
| History of hypertension outside of pregnancy | 9 | 0 | 9 | 13 | 6 |
| Current cigarette smoking | 11 | 6 | 7 | 15 | 14 |
| Duration of breast-feeding without formula | |||||
| 0 to <3 months | 53 | 44 | 46 | 63 | 47 |
| 3 months to <1 year | 33 | 25 | 45 | 23 | 35 |
| ≥1 year | 14 | 31 | 9 | 14 | 18 |
| Current BMI (kg/m2) | 30.1 ± 7.7 | 24.7 ± 3.8 | 27.3 ± 6.5 | 32.4 ± 8.1 | 32.6 ± 7.2 |
| Time since delivery (months) | 27.0 ± 17.8 | 37.4 ± 19.2 | 28.1 ± 19.6 | 26.2 ± 16.4 | 22.5 ± 15.4 |
| Prenatal provider type† | |||||
| Obstetrician/gynecologist | 90 | 88 | 89 | 93 | 86 |
| Family practitioner | 14 | 31 | 20 | 9 | 9 |
| Endocrinologist | 42 | 25 | 43 | 41 | 51 |
| Midwife | 6 | 0 | 11 | 2 | 9 |
| Dietician | 60 | 56 | 55 | 60 | 71 |
| Other | 5 | 0 | 7 | 3 | 9 |
| Insulin use during pregnancy | 42 | 19 | 38 | 44 | 57 |
| Personal control (possible range 1–4) | 3.24 ± 0.49 | 3.42 ± 0.55 | 3.31 ± 0.46 | 3.20 ± 0.43 | 3.13 ± 0.61 |
| Optimistic bias (possible range 1–4) | 2.12 ± 0.50 | 2.66 ± 0.68 | 2.24 ± 0.43 | 1.99 ± 0.41 | 1.91 ± 0.54 |
| Knowledge of diabetes risk factors (possible range 1–11) | 6.9 ± 1.8 | 6.6 ± 2.2 | 6.9 ± 1.6 | 7.0 ± 1.6 | 7.0 ± 1.6 |
| Benefits/barriers (possible range 1–4) | 3.43 ± 0.46 | 3.63 ± 0.57 | 3.46 ± 0.46 | 3.39 ± 0.40 | 3.40 ± 0.52 |
| . | Total . | Almost no chance . | Slight chance . | Moderate chance . | High chance . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 217 | 16 | 76 | 88 | 35 |
| Age (years) | 35.7 ± 5.4 | 34.5 ± 5.7 | 36.4 ± 5.5 | 35.7 ± 5.1 | 34.9 ± 5.6 |
| Race | |||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 71 | 69 | 68 | 71 | 74 |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 13 | 13 | 16 | 15 | 3 |
| African American | 7 | 6 | 4 | 8 | 9 |
| Other | 10 | 13 | 12 | 6 | 15 |
| Education | |||||
| Less than high school or high school | 7 | 25 | 3 | 8 | 9 |
| Some college | 29 | 19 | 25 | 26 | 44 |
| College graduate or more | 64 | 56 | 72 | 66 | 47 |
| Annual household income | |||||
| <$15,000 per year | 4 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 0 |
| $15,000 to <$40,000 | 12 | 21 | 7 | 12 | 21 |
| $40,000 to <$75,0000 | 32 | 36 | 23 | 35 | 39 |
| ≥$75,000 | 52 | 43 | 64 | 48 | 39 |
| Family history of diabetes* | 52 | 31 | 43 | 66 | 50 |
| History of dyslipidemia | 23 | 6 | 25 | 24 | 23 |
| History of hypertension outside of pregnancy | 9 | 0 | 9 | 13 | 6 |
| Current cigarette smoking | 11 | 6 | 7 | 15 | 14 |
| Duration of breast-feeding without formula | |||||
| 0 to <3 months | 53 | 44 | 46 | 63 | 47 |
| 3 months to <1 year | 33 | 25 | 45 | 23 | 35 |
| ≥1 year | 14 | 31 | 9 | 14 | 18 |
| Current BMI (kg/m2) | 30.1 ± 7.7 | 24.7 ± 3.8 | 27.3 ± 6.5 | 32.4 ± 8.1 | 32.6 ± 7.2 |
| Time since delivery (months) | 27.0 ± 17.8 | 37.4 ± 19.2 | 28.1 ± 19.6 | 26.2 ± 16.4 | 22.5 ± 15.4 |
| Prenatal provider type† | |||||
| Obstetrician/gynecologist | 90 | 88 | 89 | 93 | 86 |
| Family practitioner | 14 | 31 | 20 | 9 | 9 |
| Endocrinologist | 42 | 25 | 43 | 41 | 51 |
| Midwife | 6 | 0 | 11 | 2 | 9 |
| Dietician | 60 | 56 | 55 | 60 | 71 |
| Other | 5 | 0 | 7 | 3 | 9 |
| Insulin use during pregnancy | 42 | 19 | 38 | 44 | 57 |
| Personal control (possible range 1–4) | 3.24 ± 0.49 | 3.42 ± 0.55 | 3.31 ± 0.46 | 3.20 ± 0.43 | 3.13 ± 0.61 |
| Optimistic bias (possible range 1–4) | 2.12 ± 0.50 | 2.66 ± 0.68 | 2.24 ± 0.43 | 1.99 ± 0.41 | 1.91 ± 0.54 |
| Knowledge of diabetes risk factors (possible range 1–11) | 6.9 ± 1.8 | 6.6 ± 2.2 | 6.9 ± 1.6 | 7.0 ± 1.6 | 7.0 ± 1.6 |
| Benefits/barriers (possible range 1–4) | 3.43 ± 0.46 | 3.63 ± 0.57 | 3.46 ± 0.46 | 3.39 ± 0.40 | 3.40 ± 0.52 |
Data are means ± SD or percent. Column headings indicate responses to the question, “What do you think your risk or chance is of getting diabetes over the next 10 years?” Bold type indicates associations at P ≤ 0.05.
First-degree relative with diabetes.
Women could see multiple provider types during pregnancy, so percentages do not sum to 100.