Percent with peripheral neuropathy and the odds of having peripheral neuropathy by quintile of total PUFA intake and linolenic acid (C18:3) intake in adults with diagnosed diabetes aged ≥40 years, NHANES 1999–2004
| . | Quintiles of PUFA intake . | . | . | . | . | P . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Q1 . | Q2 . | Q3 . | Q4 . | Q5 . | . | ||||||
| Total PUFA* | ||||||||||||
| With peripheral neuropathy | 33.11 (3.69) | 28.80 (3.63) | 29.06 (3.06) | 29.80 (3.67) | 19.67 (4.03) | 0.20† | ||||||
| Energy-adjusted odds ratio | 1.0 (ref.) | 0.76 (0.43–1.32) | 0.73 (0.45–1.20) | 0.71 (0.38–1.34) | 0.36 (0.16–0.82) | |||||||
| Multivariate-adjusted odds ratio‡ | 1.0 (ref.) | 0.83 (0.44–1.52) | 0.85 (0.49–1.47) | 0.63 (0.31–1.27) | 0.43 (0.19–1.00) | |||||||
| Linolenic acid (C18:3)* | ||||||||||||
| With peripheral neuropathy | 33.10 (3.84) | 23.90 (4.18) | 35.47 (3.78) | 27.17 (3.75) | 20.68 (3.81) | 0.12† | ||||||
| Energy-adjusted odds ratio | 1.0 (ref.) | 0.61 (0.33–1.15) | 1.04 (0.63–1.72) | 0.69 (0.40–1.19) | 0.46 (0.24–0.90) | |||||||
| Multivariate-adjusted odds ratio‡ | 1.0 (ref.) | 0.57 (0.29–1.11) | 0.71 (0.45–1.23) | 0.54 (0.30–0.99) | 0.40 (0.21–0.77) | |||||||
| . | Quintiles of PUFA intake . | . | . | . | . | P . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Q1 . | Q2 . | Q3 . | Q4 . | Q5 . | . | ||||||
| Total PUFA* | ||||||||||||
| With peripheral neuropathy | 33.11 (3.69) | 28.80 (3.63) | 29.06 (3.06) | 29.80 (3.67) | 19.67 (4.03) | 0.20† | ||||||
| Energy-adjusted odds ratio | 1.0 (ref.) | 0.76 (0.43–1.32) | 0.73 (0.45–1.20) | 0.71 (0.38–1.34) | 0.36 (0.16–0.82) | |||||||
| Multivariate-adjusted odds ratio‡ | 1.0 (ref.) | 0.83 (0.44–1.52) | 0.85 (0.49–1.47) | 0.63 (0.31–1.27) | 0.43 (0.19–1.00) | |||||||
| Linolenic acid (C18:3)* | ||||||||||||
| With peripheral neuropathy | 33.10 (3.84) | 23.90 (4.18) | 35.47 (3.78) | 27.17 (3.75) | 20.68 (3.81) | 0.12† | ||||||
| Energy-adjusted odds ratio | 1.0 (ref.) | 0.61 (0.33–1.15) | 1.04 (0.63–1.72) | 0.69 (0.40–1.19) | 0.46 (0.24–0.90) | |||||||
| Multivariate-adjusted odds ratio‡ | 1.0 (ref.) | 0.57 (0.29–1.11) | 0.71 (0.45–1.23) | 0.54 (0.30–0.99) | 0.40 (0.21–0.77) | |||||||
Data are % (SE) and point estimate (95% CI).
The quintiles of total PUFA intake were defined as Q1, <7.72 g; Q2, 7.72–11.44 g; Q3, 11.45–16.14 g; Q4, 16.15–24.74 g; and Q5, ≥24.75 g. The quintiles of linolenic acid intake were defined as Q1, <0.61 g, Q2, 0.61–0.91 g; Q3, 0.92–1.34 g; Q4, 1.35–2.10 g; and Q5, ≥2.11 g.
χ2 test.
Adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, height quintile, weight quintile, duration of diabetes, glycemic control, high blood pressure, smoking status, and total energy intake.