Prevalence of depression as measured by the PHQ-8 among U.S. adults with diabetes aged ≥18 years (2006 BRFSS)
| . | . | Provisional diagnosis . | . | . | . | . | . | PHQ score ≥10 . | . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | n . | Major depression* . | . | Minor depression† . | . | Major and minor depression‡ . | . | . | . | ||||||
| . | . | % . | SE . | % . | SE . | % . | SE . | % . | SE . | ||||||
| Total | |||||||||||||||
| Unadjusted | 18,814 | 7.5 | 0.4 | 7.9 | 0.5 | 15.4 | 0.6 | 14.4 | 0.6 | ||||||
| Age adjusted | 18,814 | 8.3 | 0.5 | 8.3 | 0.8 | 16.6 | 0.9 | 17.4 | 1.1 | ||||||
| Age (years) | |||||||||||||||
| 18–29 | 230 | 3.2 | 1.0 | 8.3 | 2.9 | 11.5 | 3.1 | 12.7 | 3.4 | ||||||
| 30–39 | 848 | 13.7 | 2.0 | 10.3 | 1.8 | 24.0 | 2.6 | 27.4 | 3.1 | ||||||
| 40–49 | 2,251 | 11.6 | 1.1 | 7.9 | 1.1 | 19.5 | 1.5 | 21.4 | 1.8 | ||||||
| 50–59 | 4,634 | 10.0 | 0.8 | 7.2 | 0.7 | 17.2 | 1.0 | 17.3 | 1.0 | ||||||
| 60–69 | 5,387 | 5.5 | 1.0 | 9.0 | 1.2 | 14.5 | 1.5 | 11.2 | 1.2 | ||||||
| 70–79 | 3,939 | 4.0 | 0.9 | 6.4 | 0.6 | 10.4 | 1.0 | 8.3 | 1.0 | ||||||
| 80+ | 1,525 | 2.0 | 0.7 | 7.7 | 1.9 | 9.7 | 2.0 | 5.8 | 1.0 | ||||||
| Sex§ | |||||||||||||||
| Men | 7,896 | 5.9 | 0.7 | 7.1 | 0.9 | 13.0 | 1.1 | 12.9 | 1.3 | ||||||
| Women | 10,918 | 11.1 | 0.8 | 9.7 | 1.3 | 20.8 | 1.5 | 22.4 | 1.6 | ||||||
| Race/ethnicity§ | |||||||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 13,392 | 9.5 | 0.7 | 5.8 | 0.5 | 15.3 | 0.9 | 17.6 | 1.3 | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic black | 2,296 | 5.6 | 1.0 | 11.7 | 2.1 | 17.3 | 2.3 | 13.7 | 1.6 | ||||||
| Hispanic | 1,775 | 5.4 | 0.8 | 13.0 | 2.7 | 18.4 | 2.8 | 17.3 | 3.0 | ||||||
| Asian | 296 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 2.1 | 0.8 | 3.1 | 1.3 | ||||||
| American Indians/Alaska Natives | 392 | 27.8 | 4.7 | 5.4 | 1.7 | 33.2 | 4.6 | 36.0 | 4.9 | ||||||
| Other‖ | 663 | 13.2 | 3.5 | 16.0 | 3.6 | 29.2 | 4.4 | 27.7 | 4.6 | ||||||
| Type of diabetes§¶ | |||||||||||||||
| Type 1 | 810 | 6.3 | 1.1 | 7.7 | 1.3 | 14.0 | 1.7 | 20.4 | 2.8 | ||||||
| Type 2, use of insulin | 3,759 | 13.3 | 1.8 | 9.4 | 1.2 | 22.7 | 2.2 | 24.0 | 2.3 | ||||||
| Type 2, no use of insulin | 12,892 | 8.3 | 0.7 | 8.4 | 1.2 | 16.7 | 1.4 | 17.3 | 1.6 | ||||||
| . | . | Provisional diagnosis . | . | . | . | . | . | PHQ score ≥10 . | . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | n . | Major depression* . | . | Minor depression† . | . | Major and minor depression‡ . | . | . | . | ||||||
| . | . | % . | SE . | % . | SE . | % . | SE . | % . | SE . | ||||||
| Total | |||||||||||||||
| Unadjusted | 18,814 | 7.5 | 0.4 | 7.9 | 0.5 | 15.4 | 0.6 | 14.4 | 0.6 | ||||||
| Age adjusted | 18,814 | 8.3 | 0.5 | 8.3 | 0.8 | 16.6 | 0.9 | 17.4 | 1.1 | ||||||
| Age (years) | |||||||||||||||
| 18–29 | 230 | 3.2 | 1.0 | 8.3 | 2.9 | 11.5 | 3.1 | 12.7 | 3.4 | ||||||
| 30–39 | 848 | 13.7 | 2.0 | 10.3 | 1.8 | 24.0 | 2.6 | 27.4 | 3.1 | ||||||
| 40–49 | 2,251 | 11.6 | 1.1 | 7.9 | 1.1 | 19.5 | 1.5 | 21.4 | 1.8 | ||||||
| 50–59 | 4,634 | 10.0 | 0.8 | 7.2 | 0.7 | 17.2 | 1.0 | 17.3 | 1.0 | ||||||
| 60–69 | 5,387 | 5.5 | 1.0 | 9.0 | 1.2 | 14.5 | 1.5 | 11.2 | 1.2 | ||||||
| 70–79 | 3,939 | 4.0 | 0.9 | 6.4 | 0.6 | 10.4 | 1.0 | 8.3 | 1.0 | ||||||
| 80+ | 1,525 | 2.0 | 0.7 | 7.7 | 1.9 | 9.7 | 2.0 | 5.8 | 1.0 | ||||||
| Sex§ | |||||||||||||||
| Men | 7,896 | 5.9 | 0.7 | 7.1 | 0.9 | 13.0 | 1.1 | 12.9 | 1.3 | ||||||
| Women | 10,918 | 11.1 | 0.8 | 9.7 | 1.3 | 20.8 | 1.5 | 22.4 | 1.6 | ||||||
| Race/ethnicity§ | |||||||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 13,392 | 9.5 | 0.7 | 5.8 | 0.5 | 15.3 | 0.9 | 17.6 | 1.3 | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic black | 2,296 | 5.6 | 1.0 | 11.7 | 2.1 | 17.3 | 2.3 | 13.7 | 1.6 | ||||||
| Hispanic | 1,775 | 5.4 | 0.8 | 13.0 | 2.7 | 18.4 | 2.8 | 17.3 | 3.0 | ||||||
| Asian | 296 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 2.1 | 0.8 | 3.1 | 1.3 | ||||||
| American Indians/Alaska Natives | 392 | 27.8 | 4.7 | 5.4 | 1.7 | 33.2 | 4.6 | 36.0 | 4.9 | ||||||
| Other‖ | 663 | 13.2 | 3.5 | 16.0 | 3.6 | 29.2 | 4.4 | 27.7 | 4.6 | ||||||
| Type of diabetes§¶ | |||||||||||||||
| Type 1 | 810 | 6.3 | 1.1 | 7.7 | 1.3 | 14.0 | 1.7 | 20.4 | 2.8 | ||||||
| Type 2, use of insulin | 3,759 | 13.3 | 1.8 | 9.4 | 1.2 | 22.7 | 2.2 | 24.0 | 2.3 | ||||||
| Type 2, no use of insulin | 12,892 | 8.3 | 0.7 | 8.4 | 1.2 | 16.7 | 1.4 | 17.3 | 1.6 | ||||||
Major depression is defined as having at least five of eight PHQ-8 criteria, one of which must be “depressed mood” or “loss of interest or pleasure,” for ≥7 days in the past 2 weeks.
Minor depression is defined as having two to four of the eight PHQ-8 criteria, one of which must be “depressed mood” or “loss of interest or pleasure,” for ≥7 days in the past 2 weeks.
Combining major and minor depression together.
Adjusted for age.
Including native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, multiracial, and other race/ethnicity.
Participants with missing data on age at diabetes onset and use of insulin were excluded.