Baseline demographic, clinical, and metabolic parameters of study subjects stratified by glucose tolerance status in pregnancy
| Demographic and clinical features . | Normal GCT NGT . | Abnormal GCT NGT . | GIGT . | GDM . | P value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 93 | 166 | 91 | 137 | |
| Age (years) | 34.0 ± 4.4 | 33.8 ± 4.2 | 34.2 ± 4.2 | 34.5 ± 4.3 | 0.5917 |
| Weeks of gestation | 32 (30.5–34) | 29 (28–30) | 29 (28–31) | 29 (28–31) | <0.0001 |
| Ethnicity: | 0.0708 | ||||
| White | 74 (79.6) | 132 (79.5) | 65 (71.4) | 98 (71.5) | |
| Asian | 7 (7.5) | 15 (9.0) | 18 (19.8) | 15 (11.0) | |
| Other | 12 (12.9) | 19 (11.5) | 8 (8.8) | 24 (17.5) | |
| Family history of diabetes | 39 (41.9) | 84 (50.6) | 48 (52.8) | 81 (59.1) | 0.0120 |
| Parity: | 0.7087 | ||||
| Nulliparous | 57 (61.3) | 83 (50.0) | 51 (56.0) | 75 (54.7) | |
| 1 | 31 (33.3) | 61 (36.8) | 27 (29.7) | 51 (37.2) | |
| >1 | 5 (5.4) | 22 (13.3) | 13 (14.3) | 11 (8.0) | |
| Previous GDM/macrosomic infant | 0 (0) | 6 (3.6) | 11 (12.1) | 10 (7.3) | 0.0040 |
| Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 23.0 (21.5–26.1) | 23.5 (21.1–27.5) | 23.5 (21.8–27.7) | 25.0 (22.0–30.1) | 0.0246 |
| Weight gain in pregnancy up to OGTT (kg) | 12.8 (10.4–16.3) | 10.0 (7.5–13.6) | 10.0 (7.3–14.5) | 9.1 (5.9–12.7) | <0.0001 |
| Smoking exposure: | 0.2750 | ||||
| Never | 58 (62.4) | 114 (68.7) | 66 (72.5) | 103 (75.2) | |
| Remote | 34 (36.6) | 51 (30.7) | 23 (25.3) | 32 (23.4) | |
| Current | 1 (1.1) | 1 (0.6) | 2 (2.2) | 2 (1.5) | |
| Glucose metabolism | |||||
| GCT (mmol/l) | 5.7 (5.2–6.6) | 8.4 (8.0–9.1) | 8.5 (7.9–9.0) | 8.8 (8.2–9.5) | <0.0001 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/l) | 4.2 (4.0–4.5) | 4.4 (4.2–4.6) | 4.7 (4.3–5.0) | 4.6 (4.3–5.2) | <0.0001 |
| AUCgluc | 19.6 ± 2.0 | 21.0 ± 2.3 | 24.3 ± 1.7 | 27.7 ± 2.2 | <0.0001 |
| ISOGTT | 5.4 (3.7–7.3) | 5.4 (3.6–7.3) | 3.5 (2.7–5.0) | 3.1 (2.2–5.0) | <0.0001 |
| Insulinogenic index/HOMA-IR | 13.9 (9.7–19.6) | 12.8 (8.6–18.1) | 8.1 (4.6–10.8) | 6.2 (3.5–10.3) | <0.0001 |
| Demographic and clinical features . | Normal GCT NGT . | Abnormal GCT NGT . | GIGT . | GDM . | P value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 93 | 166 | 91 | 137 | |
| Age (years) | 34.0 ± 4.4 | 33.8 ± 4.2 | 34.2 ± 4.2 | 34.5 ± 4.3 | 0.5917 |
| Weeks of gestation | 32 (30.5–34) | 29 (28–30) | 29 (28–31) | 29 (28–31) | <0.0001 |
| Ethnicity: | 0.0708 | ||||
| White | 74 (79.6) | 132 (79.5) | 65 (71.4) | 98 (71.5) | |
| Asian | 7 (7.5) | 15 (9.0) | 18 (19.8) | 15 (11.0) | |
| Other | 12 (12.9) | 19 (11.5) | 8 (8.8) | 24 (17.5) | |
| Family history of diabetes | 39 (41.9) | 84 (50.6) | 48 (52.8) | 81 (59.1) | 0.0120 |
| Parity: | 0.7087 | ||||
| Nulliparous | 57 (61.3) | 83 (50.0) | 51 (56.0) | 75 (54.7) | |
| 1 | 31 (33.3) | 61 (36.8) | 27 (29.7) | 51 (37.2) | |
| >1 | 5 (5.4) | 22 (13.3) | 13 (14.3) | 11 (8.0) | |
| Previous GDM/macrosomic infant | 0 (0) | 6 (3.6) | 11 (12.1) | 10 (7.3) | 0.0040 |
| Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 23.0 (21.5–26.1) | 23.5 (21.1–27.5) | 23.5 (21.8–27.7) | 25.0 (22.0–30.1) | 0.0246 |
| Weight gain in pregnancy up to OGTT (kg) | 12.8 (10.4–16.3) | 10.0 (7.5–13.6) | 10.0 (7.3–14.5) | 9.1 (5.9–12.7) | <0.0001 |
| Smoking exposure: | 0.2750 | ||||
| Never | 58 (62.4) | 114 (68.7) | 66 (72.5) | 103 (75.2) | |
| Remote | 34 (36.6) | 51 (30.7) | 23 (25.3) | 32 (23.4) | |
| Current | 1 (1.1) | 1 (0.6) | 2 (2.2) | 2 (1.5) | |
| Glucose metabolism | |||||
| GCT (mmol/l) | 5.7 (5.2–6.6) | 8.4 (8.0–9.1) | 8.5 (7.9–9.0) | 8.8 (8.2–9.5) | <0.0001 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/l) | 4.2 (4.0–4.5) | 4.4 (4.2–4.6) | 4.7 (4.3–5.0) | 4.6 (4.3–5.2) | <0.0001 |
| AUCgluc | 19.6 ± 2.0 | 21.0 ± 2.3 | 24.3 ± 1.7 | 27.7 ± 2.2 | <0.0001 |
| ISOGTT | 5.4 (3.7–7.3) | 5.4 (3.6–7.3) | 3.5 (2.7–5.0) | 3.1 (2.2–5.0) | <0.0001 |
| Insulinogenic index/HOMA-IR | 13.9 (9.7–19.6) | 12.8 (8.6–18.1) | 8.1 (4.6–10.8) | 6.2 (3.5–10.3) | <0.0001 |
Data are means ± SD, medians (interquartile range), or n (%). P values refer to overall differences across groups as derived from ANOVA for continuous variables (parametric test for normally distributed variables and nonparametric test for skewed variables) or a χ2 test for categorical variables (with the exception of smoking exposure, for which Fisher's exact test [Mehta's extension] was used). Family history of diabetes refers to a history of type 2 diabetes in any extended family member.