American Diabetes Association

Table 1—

Characteristics of participants in MESA

	Glucose status (n = 5,976)									P^*	P^†
		NFG		IFG		Diabetes		No retinopathy	Retinopathy	P^*	P^†
	n = 4,585		n = 499		n = 892		n = 727	n = 165
Sex (male)	2,110 (46.0)		287 (57.5)		465 (52.1)	<0.001	382 (52.3)	83 (51.6)	0.87
Alcohol consumption	2,476 (54.2)		270 (54.3)		328 (37.0)	<0.001	271 (37.3)	57 (35.6)	0.70
Current cigarette smoker	553 (12.1)		43 (8.6)		97 (10.9)	0.06	86 (11.8)	11 (6.8)	0.07
Hypertension	1,947 (42.5)		300 (60.1)		654 (73.3)	<0.001	524 (71.7)	130 (80.7)	0.02
Oral diabetic medication	—		—		562 (64.8)	—	449 (63.2)	113 (72.0)	0.04
Insulin	—		—		97 (11.2)	—	58 (8.2)	39 (24.8)	<0.001
Age (years)	62.7 ± 10.1		63.9 ± 9.5		65.2 ± 9.2	<0.001	65.5 ± 9.2	63.8 ± 9.0	0.04
Diabetes duration (years)	—		—		5.3 ± 7.7	—	4.2 ± 6.8	10.3 ± 9.6	<0.001
Serum glucose (mg/dl)	94.6 ± 8.3		115.4 ± 4.4		154.2 ± 54.3	<0.001	149.9 ± 50.4	173.7 ± 66.0	<0.001
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	122.4 ± 20.2		127.7 ± 21.3		130.5 ± 21.4	<0.001	129.7 ± 20.2	134.1 ± 25.9	0.02
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	70.3 ± 10.0		72.1 ± 10.1		70.6 ± 10.4	0.001	70.8 ± 10.2	69.5 ± 11.2	0.13
BMI (kg/m²)	27.7 ± 5.2		30.5 ± 5.6		30.9 ± 6.0	<0.001	30.8 ± 5.9	31.2 ± 6.4	0.46
Total cholesterol (mg/dl)	193.3 ± 34.9		191.4 ± 38.1		181.8 ± 37.3	<0.001	181.7 ± 36.4	182.5 ± 41.3	0.81
HDL cholesterol, mg/dl	53.3 ± 15.4		48.0 ± 13.4		46.5 ± 12.8	<0.001	46.5 ± 13.0	46.5 ± 11.8	0.98
LDL cholesterol (mg/dl)	115.3 ± 31.8		113.9 ± 33.6		105.0 ± 32.0	<0.001	104.5 ± 31.1	107.1 ± 35.9	0.35
Triglycerides (mg/dl)	124.8 ± 72.2		148.6 ± 90.2		158.4 ± 114.4	<0.001	160.0 ± 114.3	151.2 ± 114.7	0.38
CRP (mg/dl)^‡	1.70 ± 3.18		2.31 ± 3.67		2.57 ± 4.67	<0.001	2.58 ± 3.26	2.53 ± 4.64	0.89

	Glucose status (n = 5,976)									P^*	P^†
		NFG		IFG		Diabetes		No retinopathy	Retinopathy	P^*	P^†
	n = 4,585		n = 499		n = 892		n = 727	n = 165
Sex (male)	2,110 (46.0)		287 (57.5)		465 (52.1)	<0.001	382 (52.3)	83 (51.6)	0.87
Alcohol consumption	2,476 (54.2)		270 (54.3)		328 (37.0)	<0.001	271 (37.3)	57 (35.6)	0.70
Current cigarette smoker	553 (12.1)		43 (8.6)		97 (10.9)	0.06	86 (11.8)	11 (6.8)	0.07
Hypertension	1,947 (42.5)		300 (60.1)		654 (73.3)	<0.001	524 (71.7)	130 (80.7)	0.02
Oral diabetic medication	—		—		562 (64.8)	—	449 (63.2)	113 (72.0)	0.04
Insulin	—		—		97 (11.2)	—	58 (8.2)	39 (24.8)	<0.001
Age (years)	62.7 ± 10.1		63.9 ± 9.5		65.2 ± 9.2	<0.001	65.5 ± 9.2	63.8 ± 9.0	0.04
Diabetes duration (years)	—		—		5.3 ± 7.7	—	4.2 ± 6.8	10.3 ± 9.6	<0.001
Serum glucose (mg/dl)	94.6 ± 8.3		115.4 ± 4.4		154.2 ± 54.3	<0.001	149.9 ± 50.4	173.7 ± 66.0	<0.001
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	122.4 ± 20.2		127.7 ± 21.3		130.5 ± 21.4	<0.001	129.7 ± 20.2	134.1 ± 25.9	0.02
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	70.3 ± 10.0		72.1 ± 10.1		70.6 ± 10.4	0.001	70.8 ± 10.2	69.5 ± 11.2	0.13
BMI (kg/m²)	27.7 ± 5.2		30.5 ± 5.6		30.9 ± 6.0	<0.001	30.8 ± 5.9	31.2 ± 6.4	0.46
Total cholesterol (mg/dl)	193.3 ± 34.9		191.4 ± 38.1		181.8 ± 37.3	<0.001	181.7 ± 36.4	182.5 ± 41.3	0.81
HDL cholesterol, mg/dl	53.3 ± 15.4		48.0 ± 13.4		46.5 ± 12.8	<0.001	46.5 ± 13.0	46.5 ± 11.8	0.98
LDL cholesterol (mg/dl)	115.3 ± 31.8		113.9 ± 33.6		105.0 ± 32.0	<0.001	104.5 ± 31.1	107.1 ± 35.9	0.35
Triglycerides (mg/dl)	124.8 ± 72.2		148.6 ± 90.2		158.4 ± 114.4	<0.001	160.0 ± 114.3	151.2 ± 114.7	0.38
CRP (mg/dl)^‡	1.70 ± 3.18		2.31 ± 3.67		2.57 ± 4.67	<0.001	2.58 ± 3.26	2.53 ± 4.64	0.89

Data are n (%) or means ± SD and are shown as median and interquartile range.

P based on χ² (categorical), ANOVA (quantitative and normal), or Kruskal-Wallis test (quantitative and skewed), comparing NFG, impaired fasting glucose (IFG), and diabetes.

†

P based on χ² (categorical), ANOVA (quantitative and normal), or Kruskal-Wallis test (quantitative and skewed), comparing diabetes with and without retinopathy.

‡

Results are shown as median and interquartile range.

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