Parental stress expressed as parental stress index, with lower scores indicating higher stress levels
| Parental stress index . | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents of an autoantibody-positive child . | Parents of a child with diabetes . | ||||||
| . | Mean . | SEM . | P . | . | Mean . | SEM . | P . |
| Autoantibody-positive child | 4.50 | 0.05 | Child with diabetes | 4.18 | 0.12 | 0.005 | |
| Control | 4.52 | 0.03 | Control | 4.56 | 0.05 | ||
| Mothers | 4.64 | 0.07 | 0.005 | Mothers | 4.09 | 0.07 | |
| Fathers | 4.38 | 0.06 | Fathers | 4.29 | 0.06 | ||
| Transient autoantibodies | 4.50 | 0.06 | |||||
| Multiple permanent | 4.49 | 0.07 | |||||
| Participated in intervention | 4.48 | 0.10 | Participated in intervention | 4.16 | |||
| Eligible, did not participate | 4.51 | 0.11 | Eligible, did not participate | 4.21 | |||
| Living alone | 3.95 | 0.18 | 0.001 | Living alone | 3.25 | 0.43 | 0.012 |
| Living as couples | 4.55 | 0.05 | Living as couples | 4.27 | 0.11 | ||
| Chronic illness in family | 4.26 | 0.11 | 0.001 | Chronic illness in family | 3.73 | 0.29 | 0.03 |
| No chronic illness | 4.58 | 0.05 | No chronic illness | 4.32 | 0.11 | ||
| Unemployment | 4.45 | 0.13 | Unemployment | 3.97 | 0.37 | ||
| No unemployment | 4.61 | 0.06 | No unemployment | 4.68 | 0.10 | ||
| Urban environment | 4.42 | 0.06 | 0.027 | Urban environment | 4.09 | 0.15 | |
| Rural environment | 4.64 | 0.05 | Rural environment | 4.34 | 0.21 | ||
| Parental stress index . | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents of an autoantibody-positive child . | Parents of a child with diabetes . | ||||||
| . | Mean . | SEM . | P . | . | Mean . | SEM . | P . |
| Autoantibody-positive child | 4.50 | 0.05 | Child with diabetes | 4.18 | 0.12 | 0.005 | |
| Control | 4.52 | 0.03 | Control | 4.56 | 0.05 | ||
| Mothers | 4.64 | 0.07 | 0.005 | Mothers | 4.09 | 0.07 | |
| Fathers | 4.38 | 0.06 | Fathers | 4.29 | 0.06 | ||
| Transient autoantibodies | 4.50 | 0.06 | |||||
| Multiple permanent | 4.49 | 0.07 | |||||
| Participated in intervention | 4.48 | 0.10 | Participated in intervention | 4.16 | |||
| Eligible, did not participate | 4.51 | 0.11 | Eligible, did not participate | 4.21 | |||
| Living alone | 3.95 | 0.18 | 0.001 | Living alone | 3.25 | 0.43 | 0.012 |
| Living as couples | 4.55 | 0.05 | Living as couples | 4.27 | 0.11 | ||
| Chronic illness in family | 4.26 | 0.11 | 0.001 | Chronic illness in family | 3.73 | 0.29 | 0.03 |
| No chronic illness | 4.58 | 0.05 | No chronic illness | 4.32 | 0.11 | ||
| Unemployment | 4.45 | 0.13 | Unemployment | 3.97 | 0.37 | ||
| No unemployment | 4.61 | 0.06 | No unemployment | 4.68 | 0.10 | ||
| Urban environment | 4.42 | 0.06 | 0.027 | Urban environment | 4.09 | 0.15 | |
| Rural environment | 4.64 | 0.05 | Rural environment | 4.34 | 0.21 | ||
P values are given for statistically significant differences.