Stratified analysis to examine the effects of characteristics of studies and patients on each metabolic profile
| . | FPG . | Fasting insulin . | Triglycerides . | Total cholesterol . | HDL cholesterol . | LDL cholesterol . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N . | Percent change (95% CI) . | N . | Percent change (95% CI) . | N . | Percent change (95% CI) . | N . | Percent change (95% CI) . | N . | Percent change (95% CI) . | N . | Percent change (95% CI) . | |
| Study with washout period or baseline data | ||||||||||||
| Neither* | 10 | 0.9 (−4.6 to 6.3) | 10 | 9.0 (−1.7 to 19.7) | 10 | 18.2 (7.3–29.1) | 9 | 0.7 (−4.2 to 5.5) | 9 | −6.8 (−10.3 to −3.2) | 5 | −0.7 (−8 to 6.6) |
| Others† | 12 | 0.0 (−3.8 to 3.7) | 12 | 8.0 (−1.6 to 17.6) | 11.0 (3.2–18.8) | 11 | 2.2 (−1.5 to 5.8) | 11 | −4.0 (−8.2 to 0.3) | 11 | 0.5 (−4.2 to 5.1) | |
| Period <4 weeks | 10 | 1.3 (−2.9 to 5.5) | 10 | 15.2 (3.1–27.3) | 10 | 15.8 (4.9–26.6) | 10 | 1.7 (−3 to 6.4) | 10 | −7.3 (−10.9 to −3.6) | 6 | 0.8 (−7.5 to 9.1) |
| Period ≥4 weeks | 12 | −1 (−5.5 to 3.6) | 12 | 4.9 (−3.9 to 13.7) | 12 | 12.2 (4.4–20) | 10 | 1.6 (−2.1 to 5.3) | 10 | −3.6 (−7.7 to 0.6) | 10 | 0.0 (−4.5 to 4.4) |
| <50% of subjects female | 13 | 0.4 (−3.3 to 4.1) | 13 | 6.2 (−3.4 to 15.9) | 13 | 13.7 (5.8–21.6) | 11 | 2 (−1.8 to 5.9) | 11 | −3.4 (−8.1 to 1.2) | 10 | 0.6 (−4.6 to 5.8) |
| ≥50% of subjects female | 5 | 1.6 (−4.6 to 7.8) | 5 | 11.5 (−0.1 to 23.2) | 5 | 15.1 (2.8–27.3) | 5 | 1.8 (−3.8 to 7.4) | 5 | −7.4 (−11 to −3.7) | 4 | −0.5 (−7 to 6.1) |
| Mean age <55 years | 10 | −0.2 (−4.1 to 3.7) | 10 | 17.2 (6.7–27.8)‡ | 10 | 12.7 (4.6–20.8) | 8 | 1.2 (−3.9 to 6.2) | 8 | −5.8 (−9.2 to −2.4) | 4 | −0.6 (−7.5 to 6.3) |
| Mean age ≥55 years | 11 | 1.2 (−3.9 to 6.4) | 11 | 1.7 (−8.2 to 11.7)‡ | 11 | 15.1 (4.5–25.7) | 11 | 1.9 (−1.7 to 5.5) | 11 | −5.6 (−10.3 to −0.8) | 11 | 0.7 (−4.2 to 5.5) |
| BMI <28.0 kg/m2 | 12 | 1.9 (−2.8 to 6.6) | 12 | 18.2 (7.6–28.8)‡ | 12 | 12.5 (4.6–20.4) | 10 | 1.2 (−3.5 to 5.8) | 10 | −7.8 (−11.6 to −4.1) | 6 | −0.9 (−8.6 to 6.9) |
| BMI ≥28.0 kg/m2 | 10 | −1 (−5.1 to 3.1) | 10 | 0.3 (−9.4 to 9.9)‡ | 10 | 15.1 (4.6–25.7) | 10 | 1.9 (−1.8 to 5.6) | 10 | −3.1 (−7.1 to 0.9) | 10 | 0.5 (−4.1 to 5) |
| Taking hypoglycemic agents | 18 | −0.6 (−4.1 to 2.9) | 18 | 4.4 (−3.8 to 12.7)§ | 18 | 15.4 (6.9–23.8) | 17 | 1.5 (−1.5 to 4.6) | 17 | −3.1 (−6.6 to 0.4) | 15 | 0.1 (−3.8 to 4.1) |
| Not taking hypoglycemic agents | 4 | 2.9 (−3.3 to 9.1) | 4 | 20.7 (6.3–35.1)§ | 4 | 10.9 (1.4–20.5) | 3 | 2.6 (−6.7 to 11.8) | 3 | −9.4 (−13.7 to −5.1) | 1 | 0 (−31.8 to 31.8) |
| C/F ratio in LFHC ≥3 | 8 | 0.5 (−5.5 to 6.5) | 8 | 17.1 (5.7–28.6)§ | 8 | 9.3 (−0.9 to 19.4) | 7 | −0.1 (−5.4 to 5.1) | 7 | −4.6 (−10.9 to 1.6) | 4 | −3.1 (−11.4 to 5.2) |
| C/F ratio in LFHC <3 | 14 | 0.2 (−3.4 to 3.8) | 14 | 2.9 (−6.2 to 12.1)§ | 14 | 16 (8–24.1) | 13 | 2.4 (−1.1 to 5.9) | 13 | −5.9 (−8.9 to −2.8) | 12 | 1.1 (−3.4 to 5.5) |
| C/F ratio in HFLC ≤1 | 12 | 0.2 (−3.8 to 4.2) | 12 | 8.1 (−4 to 20.2) | 12 | 18.7 (8.3–29.1) | 11 | 1.2 (−2.7 to 5) | 11 | −4.2 (−9.1 to 0.6) | 8 | −0.6 (−6.4 to 5.2) |
| C/F ratio in HFLC >1 | 10 | 0.4 (−4.5 to 5.2) | 10 | 8.6 (−0.2 to 17.5) | 10 | 10.4 (2.4–18.3) | 9 | 2.2 (−2.2 to 6.6) | 9 | −6.3 (−9.6 to −3) | 8 | 0.8 (−4.5 to 6.1) |
| MUFA diet in HFLC diet | 11 | 1.9 (−3.9 to 7.7) | 11 | 5.2 (−4.9 to 15.2) | 11 | 21.0 (10.2–31.7)§ | 10 | 3.1 (−1.1 to 7.2) | 10 | −4.3 (−9.4 to 0.8) | 7 | 2.8 (−3.4 to 8.9) |
| No MUFA diet in HFLC diet | 11 | −0.4 (−4.0 to 3.3) | 11 | 11.8 (1.7–22) | 11 | 9.4 (1.6–17.2)§ | 10 | 0.2 (−3.8 to 4.3) | 10 | −6.2 (−9.4 to −3) | 9 | −1.6 (−6.7 to 3.4) |
| WL diet in LFHC and HFLC diets | 4 | −2.1 (−9.6 to 5.5) | 4 | 12.5 (−1 to 25.9) | 4 | 4.0 (−7.1 to 15.2)‡ | 3 | 1.3 (−6 to 8.5) | 3 | −3.9 (−12.4 to 4.6) | 3 | 1.9 (−7.4 to 11.2) |
| No WL diet in LFHC and HFLC diets | 18 | 0.7 (−2.7 to 4.1) | 18 | 6.9 (−1.5 to 15.3) | 18 | 17.9 (10.2–25.5)‡ | 17 | 1.7 (−1.5 to 4.9) | 17 | −5.8 (−8.7 to −3) | 13 | −0.2 (−4.6 to 4.1) |
| . | FPG . | Fasting insulin . | Triglycerides . | Total cholesterol . | HDL cholesterol . | LDL cholesterol . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N . | Percent change (95% CI) . | N . | Percent change (95% CI) . | N . | Percent change (95% CI) . | N . | Percent change (95% CI) . | N . | Percent change (95% CI) . | N . | Percent change (95% CI) . | |
| Study with washout period or baseline data | ||||||||||||
| Neither* | 10 | 0.9 (−4.6 to 6.3) | 10 | 9.0 (−1.7 to 19.7) | 10 | 18.2 (7.3–29.1) | 9 | 0.7 (−4.2 to 5.5) | 9 | −6.8 (−10.3 to −3.2) | 5 | −0.7 (−8 to 6.6) |
| Others† | 12 | 0.0 (−3.8 to 3.7) | 12 | 8.0 (−1.6 to 17.6) | 11.0 (3.2–18.8) | 11 | 2.2 (−1.5 to 5.8) | 11 | −4.0 (−8.2 to 0.3) | 11 | 0.5 (−4.2 to 5.1) | |
| Period <4 weeks | 10 | 1.3 (−2.9 to 5.5) | 10 | 15.2 (3.1–27.3) | 10 | 15.8 (4.9–26.6) | 10 | 1.7 (−3 to 6.4) | 10 | −7.3 (−10.9 to −3.6) | 6 | 0.8 (−7.5 to 9.1) |
| Period ≥4 weeks | 12 | −1 (−5.5 to 3.6) | 12 | 4.9 (−3.9 to 13.7) | 12 | 12.2 (4.4–20) | 10 | 1.6 (−2.1 to 5.3) | 10 | −3.6 (−7.7 to 0.6) | 10 | 0.0 (−4.5 to 4.4) |
| <50% of subjects female | 13 | 0.4 (−3.3 to 4.1) | 13 | 6.2 (−3.4 to 15.9) | 13 | 13.7 (5.8–21.6) | 11 | 2 (−1.8 to 5.9) | 11 | −3.4 (−8.1 to 1.2) | 10 | 0.6 (−4.6 to 5.8) |
| ≥50% of subjects female | 5 | 1.6 (−4.6 to 7.8) | 5 | 11.5 (−0.1 to 23.2) | 5 | 15.1 (2.8–27.3) | 5 | 1.8 (−3.8 to 7.4) | 5 | −7.4 (−11 to −3.7) | 4 | −0.5 (−7 to 6.1) |
| Mean age <55 years | 10 | −0.2 (−4.1 to 3.7) | 10 | 17.2 (6.7–27.8)‡ | 10 | 12.7 (4.6–20.8) | 8 | 1.2 (−3.9 to 6.2) | 8 | −5.8 (−9.2 to −2.4) | 4 | −0.6 (−7.5 to 6.3) |
| Mean age ≥55 years | 11 | 1.2 (−3.9 to 6.4) | 11 | 1.7 (−8.2 to 11.7)‡ | 11 | 15.1 (4.5–25.7) | 11 | 1.9 (−1.7 to 5.5) | 11 | −5.6 (−10.3 to −0.8) | 11 | 0.7 (−4.2 to 5.5) |
| BMI <28.0 kg/m2 | 12 | 1.9 (−2.8 to 6.6) | 12 | 18.2 (7.6–28.8)‡ | 12 | 12.5 (4.6–20.4) | 10 | 1.2 (−3.5 to 5.8) | 10 | −7.8 (−11.6 to −4.1) | 6 | −0.9 (−8.6 to 6.9) |
| BMI ≥28.0 kg/m2 | 10 | −1 (−5.1 to 3.1) | 10 | 0.3 (−9.4 to 9.9)‡ | 10 | 15.1 (4.6–25.7) | 10 | 1.9 (−1.8 to 5.6) | 10 | −3.1 (−7.1 to 0.9) | 10 | 0.5 (−4.1 to 5) |
| Taking hypoglycemic agents | 18 | −0.6 (−4.1 to 2.9) | 18 | 4.4 (−3.8 to 12.7)§ | 18 | 15.4 (6.9–23.8) | 17 | 1.5 (−1.5 to 4.6) | 17 | −3.1 (−6.6 to 0.4) | 15 | 0.1 (−3.8 to 4.1) |
| Not taking hypoglycemic agents | 4 | 2.9 (−3.3 to 9.1) | 4 | 20.7 (6.3–35.1)§ | 4 | 10.9 (1.4–20.5) | 3 | 2.6 (−6.7 to 11.8) | 3 | −9.4 (−13.7 to −5.1) | 1 | 0 (−31.8 to 31.8) |
| C/F ratio in LFHC ≥3 | 8 | 0.5 (−5.5 to 6.5) | 8 | 17.1 (5.7–28.6)§ | 8 | 9.3 (−0.9 to 19.4) | 7 | −0.1 (−5.4 to 5.1) | 7 | −4.6 (−10.9 to 1.6) | 4 | −3.1 (−11.4 to 5.2) |
| C/F ratio in LFHC <3 | 14 | 0.2 (−3.4 to 3.8) | 14 | 2.9 (−6.2 to 12.1)§ | 14 | 16 (8–24.1) | 13 | 2.4 (−1.1 to 5.9) | 13 | −5.9 (−8.9 to −2.8) | 12 | 1.1 (−3.4 to 5.5) |
| C/F ratio in HFLC ≤1 | 12 | 0.2 (−3.8 to 4.2) | 12 | 8.1 (−4 to 20.2) | 12 | 18.7 (8.3–29.1) | 11 | 1.2 (−2.7 to 5) | 11 | −4.2 (−9.1 to 0.6) | 8 | −0.6 (−6.4 to 5.2) |
| C/F ratio in HFLC >1 | 10 | 0.4 (−4.5 to 5.2) | 10 | 8.6 (−0.2 to 17.5) | 10 | 10.4 (2.4–18.3) | 9 | 2.2 (−2.2 to 6.6) | 9 | −6.3 (−9.6 to −3) | 8 | 0.8 (−4.5 to 6.1) |
| MUFA diet in HFLC diet | 11 | 1.9 (−3.9 to 7.7) | 11 | 5.2 (−4.9 to 15.2) | 11 | 21.0 (10.2–31.7)§ | 10 | 3.1 (−1.1 to 7.2) | 10 | −4.3 (−9.4 to 0.8) | 7 | 2.8 (−3.4 to 8.9) |
| No MUFA diet in HFLC diet | 11 | −0.4 (−4.0 to 3.3) | 11 | 11.8 (1.7–22) | 11 | 9.4 (1.6–17.2)§ | 10 | 0.2 (−3.8 to 4.3) | 10 | −6.2 (−9.4 to −3) | 9 | −1.6 (−6.7 to 3.4) |
| WL diet in LFHC and HFLC diets | 4 | −2.1 (−9.6 to 5.5) | 4 | 12.5 (−1 to 25.9) | 4 | 4.0 (−7.1 to 15.2)‡ | 3 | 1.3 (−6 to 8.5) | 3 | −3.9 (−12.4 to 4.6) | 3 | 1.9 (−7.4 to 11.2) |
| No WL diet in LFHC and HFLC diets | 18 | 0.7 (−2.7 to 4.1) | 18 | 6.9 (−1.5 to 15.3) | 18 | 17.9 (10.2–25.5)‡ | 17 | 1.7 (−1.5 to 4.9) | 17 | −5.8 (−8.7 to −3) | 13 | −0.2 (−4.6 to 4.1) |
*Studies having neither a washout period nor baseline data.
†Parallel study design or cross-sectional design studies that have a washout period and/or baseline data.
‡P < 0.01;
§P < 0.05. WL diet, energy intake restricted for weight loss.