Counterregulatory hormone concentrations by age-group
| . | Young children . | Adolescents . |
|---|---|---|
| Epinephrine | ||
| n | 14 | 14 |
| Baseline (pg/ml) | 47 (39, 56) | 27 (25, 37) |
| Peak (pg/ml) | 82 (68, 115) | 71 (41, 229) |
| Change (pg/ml)* | 36 (23, 68) | 50 (16, 182) |
| Increased ≥3 SDs† | 10 (71) | 10 (71) |
| Norepinephrine | ||
| n | 14 | 14 |
| Baseline (pg/ml) | 120 (107, 128) | 153 (108, 226) |
| Peak (pg/ml) | 138 (122, 186) | 219 (169, 271) |
| Change (pg/ml)* | 31 (9, 64) | 40 (26, 76) |
| Increased ≥3 SDs† | 5 (36) | 6 (43) |
| Cortisol | ||
| n | 14 | 14 |
| Baseline (μg/ml) | 9.4 (8.2, 10.9) | 12.7 (10.1, 14.1) |
| Peak (μg/ml) | 10.1 (8.5, 11.7) | 12.0 (9.8, 14.4) |
| Change (μg/ml)* | −0.5 (−1.4, +1.9) | +0.1 (−0.6, +0.8) |
| Increased ≥3 SDs† | 5 (36) | 3 (21) |
| Growth hormone | ||
| n | 14 | 14 |
| Baseline (ng/ml) | 1.4 (0.5, 4.2) | 2.0 (0.3, 9.7) |
| Peak (ng/ml) | 5.2 (2.2, 13.9) | 6.7 (2.6, 18.8) |
| Change (ng/ml)* | 1.6 (−0.3, 9.4) | 2.5 (−0.4, 17.3) |
| Increased ≥3 SDs† | 9 (64) | 9 (64) |
| Glucagon | ||
| n | 13‡ | 14 |
| Baseline (pg/ml) | 42 (33, 50) | 48 (32, 57) |
| Peak (pg/ml) | 42 (36, 43) | 50 (31, 57) |
| Change (pg/ml)* | −3 (−4, +2) | +1 (−2, +9) |
| Increased ≥3 SDs† | 1 (8) | 1 (7) |
| . | Young children . | Adolescents . |
|---|---|---|
| Epinephrine | ||
| n | 14 | 14 |
| Baseline (pg/ml) | 47 (39, 56) | 27 (25, 37) |
| Peak (pg/ml) | 82 (68, 115) | 71 (41, 229) |
| Change (pg/ml)* | 36 (23, 68) | 50 (16, 182) |
| Increased ≥3 SDs† | 10 (71) | 10 (71) |
| Norepinephrine | ||
| n | 14 | 14 |
| Baseline (pg/ml) | 120 (107, 128) | 153 (108, 226) |
| Peak (pg/ml) | 138 (122, 186) | 219 (169, 271) |
| Change (pg/ml)* | 31 (9, 64) | 40 (26, 76) |
| Increased ≥3 SDs† | 5 (36) | 6 (43) |
| Cortisol | ||
| n | 14 | 14 |
| Baseline (μg/ml) | 9.4 (8.2, 10.9) | 12.7 (10.1, 14.1) |
| Peak (μg/ml) | 10.1 (8.5, 11.7) | 12.0 (9.8, 14.4) |
| Change (μg/ml)* | −0.5 (−1.4, +1.9) | +0.1 (−0.6, +0.8) |
| Increased ≥3 SDs† | 5 (36) | 3 (21) |
| Growth hormone | ||
| n | 14 | 14 |
| Baseline (ng/ml) | 1.4 (0.5, 4.2) | 2.0 (0.3, 9.7) |
| Peak (ng/ml) | 5.2 (2.2, 13.9) | 6.7 (2.6, 18.8) |
| Change (ng/ml)* | 1.6 (−0.3, 9.4) | 2.5 (−0.4, 17.3) |
| Increased ≥3 SDs† | 9 (64) | 9 (64) |
| Glucagon | ||
| n | 13‡ | 14 |
| Baseline (pg/ml) | 42 (33, 50) | 48 (32, 57) |
| Peak (pg/ml) | 42 (36, 43) | 50 (31, 57) |
| Change (pg/ml)* | −3 (−4, +2) | +1 (−2, +9) |
| Increased ≥3 SDs† | 1 (8) | 1 (7) |
Data are median (25th, 75th percentile) or n (%). Total n = 28.
*Defined as peak minus baseline.
†3 SDs described in research design and methods.
‡Samples for glucagon were drawn only at baseline and at meter glucose value <60 mg/dl. One subject was missing the end draw.