Demographic and medical information for the study population (a nationally representative sample of 1,547 nondiabetic U.S. adults in 2005–2006)*
| Demographics . | Normoglycemic . | Pre-diabetes . | P value . |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 963 | 584 | |
| Age (mean) | 39.6 (38.0–41.3) | 49.3 (46.8–51.9) | <0.001 |
| Male (%) | 43.1 (40.9–45.3) | 59.0 (53.3–64.6) | <0.001 |
| Race (%) | |||
| White | 72.5 (67.2–77.7) | 69.1 (61.1–77.2) | >0.2 |
| Black | 11.8 (7.9–15.6) | 10.4 (6.4–14.4) | |
| Hispanic | 10.8 (8.6–13.0) | 14.4 (9.7–19.1) | |
| Other/multiracial | 5.0 (2.4–7.5) | 6.0 (2.7–9.3) | |
| Insured (%) | 79.7 (74.0–85.3) | 80.5 (75.1–85.8) | >0.2 |
| Current cigarette smoking (%) | 29.8 (24.5–35.2) | 19.7 (14.6–24.8) | <0.001 |
| Education (%) | |||
| <High school | 12.3 (9.3–15.4) | 19.7 (15.1–24.4) | <0.001 |
| High school graduate | 24.7 (20.7–28.8) | 24.4 (20.3–28.5) | |
| >Some college | 62.9 (57.2–68.7) | 55.9 (50.4–61.3) | |
| Income (%) | |||
| <Poverty level | 9.3 (7.0–11.6) | 10.1 (7.2–13.0) | >0.2 |
| 100–200% of poverty level | 17.4 (12.3–22.4) | 20.4 (14.7–26.2) | |
| >200% poverty level | 73.3 (68.1–78.6) | 73.3 (68.1–76.5) | |
| BMI (mean) | 26.8 (26.3–27.4) | 30.7 (29.7–31.8) | <0.001 |
| Blood pressure (mean ± SD, mmHg) | |||
| Systolic | 116.8 (115.4–118.1) | 125.2 (123.5–127.1) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic | 67.9 (66.5–69.3) | 70.0 (68.8–71.2) | 0.013 |
| Cholesterol (mean ± SD, mg/dl) | |||
| Total | 194.4 (190.0–198.7) | 202.6 (197.1–208.1) | 0.004 |
| HDL | 57.1 (55.9–58.3) | 53.1 (51.6–54.6) | <0.001 |
| Past medical history of pre-diabetes (%) | 1.7 (1.1–2.4) | 4.8 (3.1–6.5) | 0.003 |
| Interventions (%) | |||
| Exercise recommended only | 23.7 (19.5–30.0) | 31.7 (23.3–40.2) | <0.001 |
| Diet recommended only | 16.6 (12.4–20.7) | 27.4 (20.3–34.5) | <0.001 |
| Mean 10-year cardiovascular risk (mean) | 5.2 (3.9–6.4) | 8.3 (6.0–10.6) | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin A1C (mean) | 5.1 (5.1–5.2) | 5.4 (5.4–5.5) | <0.001 |
| Fasting serum glucose (mean, mg/dl) | 91.2 (90.6–91.9) | 105 (104.2–105.9) | <0.001 |
| 2-h postglucose load test (mean, mg/dl) | 92.8 (90.8–94.8) | 128.9 (125.5–132.4) | <0.001 |
| Demographics . | Normoglycemic . | Pre-diabetes . | P value . |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 963 | 584 | |
| Age (mean) | 39.6 (38.0–41.3) | 49.3 (46.8–51.9) | <0.001 |
| Male (%) | 43.1 (40.9–45.3) | 59.0 (53.3–64.6) | <0.001 |
| Race (%) | |||
| White | 72.5 (67.2–77.7) | 69.1 (61.1–77.2) | >0.2 |
| Black | 11.8 (7.9–15.6) | 10.4 (6.4–14.4) | |
| Hispanic | 10.8 (8.6–13.0) | 14.4 (9.7–19.1) | |
| Other/multiracial | 5.0 (2.4–7.5) | 6.0 (2.7–9.3) | |
| Insured (%) | 79.7 (74.0–85.3) | 80.5 (75.1–85.8) | >0.2 |
| Current cigarette smoking (%) | 29.8 (24.5–35.2) | 19.7 (14.6–24.8) | <0.001 |
| Education (%) | |||
| <High school | 12.3 (9.3–15.4) | 19.7 (15.1–24.4) | <0.001 |
| High school graduate | 24.7 (20.7–28.8) | 24.4 (20.3–28.5) | |
| >Some college | 62.9 (57.2–68.7) | 55.9 (50.4–61.3) | |
| Income (%) | |||
| <Poverty level | 9.3 (7.0–11.6) | 10.1 (7.2–13.0) | >0.2 |
| 100–200% of poverty level | 17.4 (12.3–22.4) | 20.4 (14.7–26.2) | |
| >200% poverty level | 73.3 (68.1–78.6) | 73.3 (68.1–76.5) | |
| BMI (mean) | 26.8 (26.3–27.4) | 30.7 (29.7–31.8) | <0.001 |
| Blood pressure (mean ± SD, mmHg) | |||
| Systolic | 116.8 (115.4–118.1) | 125.2 (123.5–127.1) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic | 67.9 (66.5–69.3) | 70.0 (68.8–71.2) | 0.013 |
| Cholesterol (mean ± SD, mg/dl) | |||
| Total | 194.4 (190.0–198.7) | 202.6 (197.1–208.1) | 0.004 |
| HDL | 57.1 (55.9–58.3) | 53.1 (51.6–54.6) | <0.001 |
| Past medical history of pre-diabetes (%) | 1.7 (1.1–2.4) | 4.8 (3.1–6.5) | 0.003 |
| Interventions (%) | |||
| Exercise recommended only | 23.7 (19.5–30.0) | 31.7 (23.3–40.2) | <0.001 |
| Diet recommended only | 16.6 (12.4–20.7) | 27.4 (20.3–34.5) | <0.001 |
| Mean 10-year cardiovascular risk (mean) | 5.2 (3.9–6.4) | 8.3 (6.0–10.6) | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin A1C (mean) | 5.1 (5.1–5.2) | 5.4 (5.4–5.5) | <0.001 |
| Fasting serum glucose (mean, mg/dl) | 91.2 (90.6–91.9) | 105 (104.2–105.9) | <0.001 |
| 2-h postglucose load test (mean, mg/dl) | 92.8 (90.8–94.8) | 128.9 (125.5–132.4) | <0.001 |
*The study population is a 2005–2006 nationally representative sample of nondiabetic U.S. adults. Statistical significance was tested using χ2 testing for differences in percentages and t testing for differences in means.