Demographic and clinical characteristics of ethnic groups
| . | Indian Asians . | White Europeans . | P value* . |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 180 | 180 | |
| Sex (male/female) | 95/85 | 96/84 | 0.9 |
| Age (years) | 57.4 ± 9.9 | 59.1 ± 9.7 | 0.09 |
| Duration diabetes (years) | 9.4 ± 7.5 | 7.0 ± 5.7 | 0.001 |
| Height (m) | 1.61 ± 9.3 | 1.65 ± 9.8 | <0.0001 |
| Weight (kg) | 77.2 ± 14.8 | 93.3 ± 19.3 | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.7 ± 5.5 | 34.1 ± 6.5 | <0.0001 |
| Waist (cm) | |||
| Men | 96.7 ± 13.1 | 106.6 ± 12.7 | <0.0001 |
| Women | 97.1 ± 12.8 | 102.7 ± 15.1 | 0.01 |
| Hips (cm) | |||
| Men | 99.6 ± 8.1 | 105.4 ± 8.7 | <0.0001 |
| Women | 103.1 ± 11.3 | 111.0 ± 15.6 | <0.0001 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | |||
| Men | 0.97 ± 0.09 | 1.01 ± 0.07 | <0.0001 |
| Women | 0.94 ± 0.08 | 0.92 ± 0.08 | 0.2 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l) | 7.7 ± 2.2 | 8.0 ± 2.3 | 0.2 |
| A1C (%) | 8.1 ± 1.6 | 7.9 ± 1.7 | 0.3 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.3 ± 1.0 | 4.7 ± 1.1 | 0.004 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 0.7 |
| Fasting triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.4 (1.1, 1.9) | 1.7 (1.2, 2.4) | 0.005 |
| Insulin (mU/l) | 17.1 (9.6, 27.0.1) | 18.2 (11.5, 28.6) | 0.44 |
| γ-Glutamyltransferase (U/l) | 35.7 ± 34.4 | 58.7 ± 56.0 | <0.0001 |
| Creatinine (μmol/l) | 87.2 ± 31.2 | 85.9 ± 27.0 | 0.7 |
| Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio | 1.5 (0.7, 2.5) | 1.4 (0.6, 3.0) | 0.6 |
| Retinopathy (%) | 14 | 12 | 0.6 |
| Nephropathy (%) | 6 | 4 | 0.3 |
| Hypertension (%) | 54 | 74 | 0.0002 |
| Myocardial infarction (%) | 17 | 13 | 0.3 |
| Angina (%) | 23 | 17 | 0.2 |
| Coronary artery bypass graft (%) | 14 | 9 | 0.1 |
| Resting heart rate (bpm) | 76 ± 14 | 75 ± 13 | 0.8 |
| Ankle systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 136 ± 22 | 142 ± 31 | 0.06 |
| Brachial systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 123 ± 17 | 127 ± 17 | 0.02 |
| ABPI <0.85 (%) | 4.0 | 9.1 | 0.05 |
| Lower limb vascular intervention (%) | 3 | 9 | 0.03 |
| Claudication (%) | 7 | 15 | 0.01 |
| TCpO2 (mmHg) | 61 ± 12 | 56 ± 13 | <0.0001 |
| Pack-years smoked (%) | <0.0001 | ||
| None | 74 | 36 | |
| ≤20 | 14 | 22 | |
| >20 | 11 | 42 | |
| Drink alcohol ≥ once a week (%) | 5 | 42 | <0.0001 |
| Insulin (%) | 19 | 23 | 0.4 |
| Oral antidiabetic drugs (%) | 87 | 76 | 0.007 |
| Antihypertensive drugs (%) | 61 | 77 | 0.001 |
| Lipid-lowering drugs (%) | 57 | 71 | 0.006 |
| Other coronary heart disease drugs (%) | 15 | 18 | 0.4 |
| . | Indian Asians . | White Europeans . | P value* . |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 180 | 180 | |
| Sex (male/female) | 95/85 | 96/84 | 0.9 |
| Age (years) | 57.4 ± 9.9 | 59.1 ± 9.7 | 0.09 |
| Duration diabetes (years) | 9.4 ± 7.5 | 7.0 ± 5.7 | 0.001 |
| Height (m) | 1.61 ± 9.3 | 1.65 ± 9.8 | <0.0001 |
| Weight (kg) | 77.2 ± 14.8 | 93.3 ± 19.3 | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.7 ± 5.5 | 34.1 ± 6.5 | <0.0001 |
| Waist (cm) | |||
| Men | 96.7 ± 13.1 | 106.6 ± 12.7 | <0.0001 |
| Women | 97.1 ± 12.8 | 102.7 ± 15.1 | 0.01 |
| Hips (cm) | |||
| Men | 99.6 ± 8.1 | 105.4 ± 8.7 | <0.0001 |
| Women | 103.1 ± 11.3 | 111.0 ± 15.6 | <0.0001 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | |||
| Men | 0.97 ± 0.09 | 1.01 ± 0.07 | <0.0001 |
| Women | 0.94 ± 0.08 | 0.92 ± 0.08 | 0.2 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l) | 7.7 ± 2.2 | 8.0 ± 2.3 | 0.2 |
| A1C (%) | 8.1 ± 1.6 | 7.9 ± 1.7 | 0.3 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.3 ± 1.0 | 4.7 ± 1.1 | 0.004 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 0.7 |
| Fasting triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.4 (1.1, 1.9) | 1.7 (1.2, 2.4) | 0.005 |
| Insulin (mU/l) | 17.1 (9.6, 27.0.1) | 18.2 (11.5, 28.6) | 0.44 |
| γ-Glutamyltransferase (U/l) | 35.7 ± 34.4 | 58.7 ± 56.0 | <0.0001 |
| Creatinine (μmol/l) | 87.2 ± 31.2 | 85.9 ± 27.0 | 0.7 |
| Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio | 1.5 (0.7, 2.5) | 1.4 (0.6, 3.0) | 0.6 |
| Retinopathy (%) | 14 | 12 | 0.6 |
| Nephropathy (%) | 6 | 4 | 0.3 |
| Hypertension (%) | 54 | 74 | 0.0002 |
| Myocardial infarction (%) | 17 | 13 | 0.3 |
| Angina (%) | 23 | 17 | 0.2 |
| Coronary artery bypass graft (%) | 14 | 9 | 0.1 |
| Resting heart rate (bpm) | 76 ± 14 | 75 ± 13 | 0.8 |
| Ankle systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 136 ± 22 | 142 ± 31 | 0.06 |
| Brachial systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 123 ± 17 | 127 ± 17 | 0.02 |
| ABPI <0.85 (%) | 4.0 | 9.1 | 0.05 |
| Lower limb vascular intervention (%) | 3 | 9 | 0.03 |
| Claudication (%) | 7 | 15 | 0.01 |
| TCpO2 (mmHg) | 61 ± 12 | 56 ± 13 | <0.0001 |
| Pack-years smoked (%) | <0.0001 | ||
| None | 74 | 36 | |
| ≤20 | 14 | 22 | |
| >20 | 11 | 42 | |
| Drink alcohol ≥ once a week (%) | 5 | 42 | <0.0001 |
| Insulin (%) | 19 | 23 | 0.4 |
| Oral antidiabetic drugs (%) | 87 | 76 | 0.007 |
| Antihypertensive drugs (%) | 61 | 77 | 0.001 |
| Lipid-lowering drugs (%) | 57 | 71 | 0.006 |
| Other coronary heart disease drugs (%) | 15 | 18 | 0.4 |
Data are % prevalence, means ± SD, or geometric means (25th, 75th percentiles).
*P value for ethnic difference.