Characteristics of 13 prospective cohort studies of magnesium and type 2 diabetes
| Study . | Population (cases) . | Duration (years) . | Dietary assessment method . | Case ascertainment . | Magnesium intake (highest vs. lowest, mg/day) . | Adjusted RR (95% CI) . | Adjustment for potential confounders . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kao et al., 1999 (8) | 11,896 adults aged 45–64 years, U.S. (1,106) | 6 | Validated FFQ | Glucose levels, use of diabetic medication, and self-report | 361 vs. 154 | White: 1.08 (0.78–1.49); black: 0.98 (0.57–1.72) | Age, BMI, sex, education, family history, WHR, sports index, diuretic use, and intakes of alcohol, calcium, and potassium |
| Meyer et al., 2000 (9) | 35,988 women aged 55–69 years, U.S. (1,141) | 6 | Validated FFQ | Self-report | 362 vs. 220 | 0.67 (0.55–0.82) | Age, BMI, education, smoking, WHR, physical activity, intakes of total energy, alcohol, whole grains, and cereal fiber |
| Hodge et al., 2004 (10) | 34,641 adults aged 40–69 years, Australia (365) | 4 | FFQ | Confirmed self-report | 773 vs. 230 | 0.55 (0.32–0.97) | Age, BMI, sex, education, country of birth, family history, WHR, weight change, physical activity, and intakes of total energy and alcohol |
| Lopez-Ridaura et al., 2004 (11) | 42,872 men aged 40–75 years, U.S. (1,333) | 11 | Validated FFQ | Confirmed self-report | 457 vs. 270 | 0.72 (0.58–0.89) | Age, BMI, family history, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, physical activity, and intakes of total energy, alcohol, glycemic load, PUFA, TFA, processed meat, and cereal fiber |
| Lopez-Ridaura et al., 2004 (11) | 85,060 women aged 30–55 years, U.S. (4,085) | 17 | Validated FFQ | Confirmed self-report | 374 vs. 222 | 0.73 (0.65–0.82) | Age, BMI, family history, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, physical activity, and intakes of total energy, alcohol, glycemic load, PUFA, TFA, processed meat, and cereal fiber |
| Song et al., 2004 (12) | 38,025 women aged ≥45 years, U.S. (918) | 6 | Validated FFQ | Confirmed self-report | 399 vs. 252 | 0.89 (0.71–1.10) | Age, BMI, family history, smoking, physical activity, and intakes of total energy and alcohol |
| van Dam et al., 2006 (13) | 41,186 women aged 21–69 years, U.S. (1,964) | 6 | Validated FFQ | Confirmed self-report | 244 vs. 115 | 0.65 (0.54–0.78) | Age, BMI, education, family history, smoking, physical activity, and intakes of total energy, alcohol, coffee, sugar-sweetened drinks, red meat, processed meat, and calcium |
| Schulze et al., 2007 (14) | 25,067 adults aged 35–65 years, Germany (844) | 7 | Validated FFQ | Confirmed self-report | 377 vs. 268 | 0.99 (0.78–1.26) | Age, BMI, sex, education, sports activity, cycling, occupational activity, smoking, WC, and intakes of total energy, alcohol, carbohydrate, PUFA-to-SFA ratio, MUFA-to-SFA ratio, and cereal fiber |
| Villegas et al., 2009 (15) | 64,191 women aged 40–70 years, China (2,270) | 6.9 | Validated FFQ | Confirmed self-report | 318 vs. 214 | 0.80 (0.68–0.93) | Age, BMI, WHR, smoking, physical activity, income, education, occupation, hypertension, and intakes of total energy and alcohol |
| Hopping et al., 2010 (16) | 75,512 men aged 45–75 years, U.S. (8,587) | 14 | FFQ | Glucose levels, use of diabetic medication, and self-report | 370 vs. 260 | Men: 0.77 (0.70–0.85); women: 0.84 (0.76–0.93) | BMI, physical activity, education, ethnicity, and total energy intake |
| Kim et al., 2010 (17) | 4,497 adults aged 18–30 years, U.S. (330) | 20 | Validated diet history questionnaire | Glucose levels and use of diabetic medication | 403 vs. 200 | 0.53 (0.32–0.86) | Age, BMI, sex, ethnicity, study center, education, smoking, physical activity, family history, systolic blood pressure, and intakes of total energy, alcohol, saturated fat, and crude fiber |
| Kirii et al., 2010 (18) | 17,592 adults aged 40–65 years, Japan (459) | 5 | Validated dietary questionnaire | Confirmed self-report | 303 vs. 158 | 0.64 (0.44–0.94) | Age, BMI, family history, smoking, hours of walking and sports participation, and intakes of total energy, alcohol, green tea, and coffee |
| Nanri et al., 2010 (19) | 59,791 men aged 45–75 years, Japan (1,114) | 5 | Validated FFQ | Confirmed self-report | 348 vs. 213 | Men: 0.86 (0.63–1.16); women 0.92 (0.66–1.28) | Age, BMI, study area, smoking, family history, leisure time physical activity, hypertension, and intakes of total energy, alcohol, coffee, and calcium |
| Study . | Population (cases) . | Duration (years) . | Dietary assessment method . | Case ascertainment . | Magnesium intake (highest vs. lowest, mg/day) . | Adjusted RR (95% CI) . | Adjustment for potential confounders . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kao et al., 1999 (8) | 11,896 adults aged 45–64 years, U.S. (1,106) | 6 | Validated FFQ | Glucose levels, use of diabetic medication, and self-report | 361 vs. 154 | White: 1.08 (0.78–1.49); black: 0.98 (0.57–1.72) | Age, BMI, sex, education, family history, WHR, sports index, diuretic use, and intakes of alcohol, calcium, and potassium |
| Meyer et al., 2000 (9) | 35,988 women aged 55–69 years, U.S. (1,141) | 6 | Validated FFQ | Self-report | 362 vs. 220 | 0.67 (0.55–0.82) | Age, BMI, education, smoking, WHR, physical activity, intakes of total energy, alcohol, whole grains, and cereal fiber |
| Hodge et al., 2004 (10) | 34,641 adults aged 40–69 years, Australia (365) | 4 | FFQ | Confirmed self-report | 773 vs. 230 | 0.55 (0.32–0.97) | Age, BMI, sex, education, country of birth, family history, WHR, weight change, physical activity, and intakes of total energy and alcohol |
| Lopez-Ridaura et al., 2004 (11) | 42,872 men aged 40–75 years, U.S. (1,333) | 11 | Validated FFQ | Confirmed self-report | 457 vs. 270 | 0.72 (0.58–0.89) | Age, BMI, family history, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, physical activity, and intakes of total energy, alcohol, glycemic load, PUFA, TFA, processed meat, and cereal fiber |
| Lopez-Ridaura et al., 2004 (11) | 85,060 women aged 30–55 years, U.S. (4,085) | 17 | Validated FFQ | Confirmed self-report | 374 vs. 222 | 0.73 (0.65–0.82) | Age, BMI, family history, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, physical activity, and intakes of total energy, alcohol, glycemic load, PUFA, TFA, processed meat, and cereal fiber |
| Song et al., 2004 (12) | 38,025 women aged ≥45 years, U.S. (918) | 6 | Validated FFQ | Confirmed self-report | 399 vs. 252 | 0.89 (0.71–1.10) | Age, BMI, family history, smoking, physical activity, and intakes of total energy and alcohol |
| van Dam et al., 2006 (13) | 41,186 women aged 21–69 years, U.S. (1,964) | 6 | Validated FFQ | Confirmed self-report | 244 vs. 115 | 0.65 (0.54–0.78) | Age, BMI, education, family history, smoking, physical activity, and intakes of total energy, alcohol, coffee, sugar-sweetened drinks, red meat, processed meat, and calcium |
| Schulze et al., 2007 (14) | 25,067 adults aged 35–65 years, Germany (844) | 7 | Validated FFQ | Confirmed self-report | 377 vs. 268 | 0.99 (0.78–1.26) | Age, BMI, sex, education, sports activity, cycling, occupational activity, smoking, WC, and intakes of total energy, alcohol, carbohydrate, PUFA-to-SFA ratio, MUFA-to-SFA ratio, and cereal fiber |
| Villegas et al., 2009 (15) | 64,191 women aged 40–70 years, China (2,270) | 6.9 | Validated FFQ | Confirmed self-report | 318 vs. 214 | 0.80 (0.68–0.93) | Age, BMI, WHR, smoking, physical activity, income, education, occupation, hypertension, and intakes of total energy and alcohol |
| Hopping et al., 2010 (16) | 75,512 men aged 45–75 years, U.S. (8,587) | 14 | FFQ | Glucose levels, use of diabetic medication, and self-report | 370 vs. 260 | Men: 0.77 (0.70–0.85); women: 0.84 (0.76–0.93) | BMI, physical activity, education, ethnicity, and total energy intake |
| Kim et al., 2010 (17) | 4,497 adults aged 18–30 years, U.S. (330) | 20 | Validated diet history questionnaire | Glucose levels and use of diabetic medication | 403 vs. 200 | 0.53 (0.32–0.86) | Age, BMI, sex, ethnicity, study center, education, smoking, physical activity, family history, systolic blood pressure, and intakes of total energy, alcohol, saturated fat, and crude fiber |
| Kirii et al., 2010 (18) | 17,592 adults aged 40–65 years, Japan (459) | 5 | Validated dietary questionnaire | Confirmed self-report | 303 vs. 158 | 0.64 (0.44–0.94) | Age, BMI, family history, smoking, hours of walking and sports participation, and intakes of total energy, alcohol, green tea, and coffee |
| Nanri et al., 2010 (19) | 59,791 men aged 45–75 years, Japan (1,114) | 5 | Validated FFQ | Confirmed self-report | 348 vs. 213 | Men: 0.86 (0.63–1.16); women 0.92 (0.66–1.28) | Age, BMI, study area, smoking, family history, leisure time physical activity, hypertension, and intakes of total energy, alcohol, coffee, and calcium |
FFQ, food-frequency questionnaire; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; SFA, saturated fatty acid; TFA, trans fatty acid; WC, waist circumference; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio.