Risk of cancer according to various levels of serum HDL-C at baseline among subpopulations of diabetic patients
| . | HDL-C (mg/dL) . | . | . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | <30 . | 30–39.9 . | 40–49.9 . | 50–59.9 . | 60–69.9 . | 70–79.9 . | ≥80 . | P value for trend . | P value for interaction . |
| Race | >0.90 | ||||||||
| Black | |||||||||
| Participants (n) | 2,451 | 6,174 | 6,253 | 3,529 | 1,557 | 625 | 486 | ||
| Adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.83–1.19) | 0.96 (0.80–1.15) | 0.92 (0.76–1.13) | 0.82 (0.65–1.05) | 0.83 (0.60–1.15) | 0.53 (0.33–0.84) | 0.003 | |
| White | |||||||||
| Participants (n) | 2,786 | 5,926 | 4,560 | 1,964 | 669 | 223 | 142 | ||
| Adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.89 (0.77–1.03) | 0.86 (0.73–1.01) | 0.83 (0.69–1.01) | 0.72 (0.54–0.96) | 0.59 (0.35–1.00) | 1.27 (0.77–2.08) | 0.042 | |
| BMI | <0.05 | ||||||||
| <30 kg/m2 | |||||||||
| Participants (n) | 1,712 | 3,893 | 3,695 | 2,140 | 1,048 | 465 | 389 | ||
| Adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.84 (0.70–1.00) | 0.82 (0.68–0.98) | 0.83 (0.67–1.03) | 0.69 (0.53–0.91) | 0.67 (0.46–0.97) | 0.71 (0.46–1.08) | 0.010 | |
| ≥30 kg/m2 | |||||||||
| Participants (n) | 3,525 | 8,207 | 7,118 | 3,353 | 1,178 | 383 | 239 | ||
| Adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.86–1.15) | 0.96 (0.82–1.12) | 0.90 (0.75–1.08) | 0.83 (0.65–1.06) | 0.81 (0.55–1.19) | 0.63 (0.36–1.11) | 0.016 | |
| Smoking status | >0.25 | ||||||||
| Never | |||||||||
| Participants (n) | 2,976 | 8,160 | 8,011 | 4,167 | 1,700 | 647 | 416 | ||
| Adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.77–1.02) | 0.84 (0.73–0.97) | 0.85 (0.72–1.00) | 0.74 (0.60–0.91) | 0.68 (0.49–0.93) | 0.69 (0.46–1.03) | 0.002 | |
| Current | |||||||||
| Participants (n) | 2,261 | 3,940 | 2,802 | 1,326 | 526 | 201 | 212 | ||
| Adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.81–1.18) | 1.00 (0.82–1.23) | 0.84 (0.65–1.08) | 0.79 (0.55–1.13) | 0.89 (0.54–1.48) | 0.65 (0.35–1.22) | 0.067 | |
| Glucose-lowering medication | >0.1 | ||||||||
| No use | |||||||||
| Participants (n) | 1,862 | 4,563 | 4,450 | 2,466 | 1,076 | 452 | 354 | ||
| Adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.87 (0.72–1.06) | 0.80 (0.65–0.98) | 0.82 (0.65–1.03) | 0.58 (0.42–0.80) | 0.80 (0.54–1.20) | 0.82 (0.51–1.31) | 0.013 | |
| Metformin | |||||||||
| Participants (n) | 1,519 | 3,523 | 2,859 | 1,370 | 471 | 169 | 89 | ||
| Adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.76–1.16) | 0.96 (0.77–1.21) | 0.83 (0.64–1.09) | 0.64 (0.43–0.96) | 0.74 (0.42–1.31) | 0.73 (0.34–1.59) | 0.031 | |
| Other medications | |||||||||
| Participants (n) | 1,856 | 4,015 | 3,504 | 1,657 | 679 | 227 | 185 | ||
| Adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.82–1.17) | 0.96 (0.80–1.16) | 0.95 (0.77–1.18) | 1.05 (0.80–1.37) | 0.63 (0.39–1.02) | 0.51 (0.27–0.94) | 0.113 | |
| Lipid-lowering medication | >0.05 | ||||||||
| No use | |||||||||
| Participants (n) | 2,338 | 5,234 | 4,988 | 2,603 | 1,121 | 469 | 378 | ||
| Adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.84 (0.71–1.00) | 0.76 (0.63–0.91) | 0.80 (0.65–0.99) | 0.65 (0.48–0.86) | 0.53 (0.34–0.82) | 0.67 (0.42–1.08) | <0.001 | |
| Use | |||||||||
| Participants (n) | 2,899 | 6,866 | 5,825 | 2,890 | 1,105 | 379 | 250 | ||
| Adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.87–1.17) | 1.01 (0.87–1.18) | 0.93 (0.77–1.11) | 0.87 (0.68–1.10) | 0.91 (0.65–1.28) | 0.67 (0.41–1.09) | 0.056 | |
| . | HDL-C (mg/dL) . | . | . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | <30 . | 30–39.9 . | 40–49.9 . | 50–59.9 . | 60–69.9 . | 70–79.9 . | ≥80 . | P value for trend . | P value for interaction . |
| Race | >0.90 | ||||||||
| Black | |||||||||
| Participants (n) | 2,451 | 6,174 | 6,253 | 3,529 | 1,557 | 625 | 486 | ||
| Adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.83–1.19) | 0.96 (0.80–1.15) | 0.92 (0.76–1.13) | 0.82 (0.65–1.05) | 0.83 (0.60–1.15) | 0.53 (0.33–0.84) | 0.003 | |
| White | |||||||||
| Participants (n) | 2,786 | 5,926 | 4,560 | 1,964 | 669 | 223 | 142 | ||
| Adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.89 (0.77–1.03) | 0.86 (0.73–1.01) | 0.83 (0.69–1.01) | 0.72 (0.54–0.96) | 0.59 (0.35–1.00) | 1.27 (0.77–2.08) | 0.042 | |
| BMI | <0.05 | ||||||||
| <30 kg/m2 | |||||||||
| Participants (n) | 1,712 | 3,893 | 3,695 | 2,140 | 1,048 | 465 | 389 | ||
| Adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.84 (0.70–1.00) | 0.82 (0.68–0.98) | 0.83 (0.67–1.03) | 0.69 (0.53–0.91) | 0.67 (0.46–0.97) | 0.71 (0.46–1.08) | 0.010 | |
| ≥30 kg/m2 | |||||||||
| Participants (n) | 3,525 | 8,207 | 7,118 | 3,353 | 1,178 | 383 | 239 | ||
| Adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.86–1.15) | 0.96 (0.82–1.12) | 0.90 (0.75–1.08) | 0.83 (0.65–1.06) | 0.81 (0.55–1.19) | 0.63 (0.36–1.11) | 0.016 | |
| Smoking status | >0.25 | ||||||||
| Never | |||||||||
| Participants (n) | 2,976 | 8,160 | 8,011 | 4,167 | 1,700 | 647 | 416 | ||
| Adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.77–1.02) | 0.84 (0.73–0.97) | 0.85 (0.72–1.00) | 0.74 (0.60–0.91) | 0.68 (0.49–0.93) | 0.69 (0.46–1.03) | 0.002 | |
| Current | |||||||||
| Participants (n) | 2,261 | 3,940 | 2,802 | 1,326 | 526 | 201 | 212 | ||
| Adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.81–1.18) | 1.00 (0.82–1.23) | 0.84 (0.65–1.08) | 0.79 (0.55–1.13) | 0.89 (0.54–1.48) | 0.65 (0.35–1.22) | 0.067 | |
| Glucose-lowering medication | >0.1 | ||||||||
| No use | |||||||||
| Participants (n) | 1,862 | 4,563 | 4,450 | 2,466 | 1,076 | 452 | 354 | ||
| Adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.87 (0.72–1.06) | 0.80 (0.65–0.98) | 0.82 (0.65–1.03) | 0.58 (0.42–0.80) | 0.80 (0.54–1.20) | 0.82 (0.51–1.31) | 0.013 | |
| Metformin | |||||||||
| Participants (n) | 1,519 | 3,523 | 2,859 | 1,370 | 471 | 169 | 89 | ||
| Adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.76–1.16) | 0.96 (0.77–1.21) | 0.83 (0.64–1.09) | 0.64 (0.43–0.96) | 0.74 (0.42–1.31) | 0.73 (0.34–1.59) | 0.031 | |
| Other medications | |||||||||
| Participants (n) | 1,856 | 4,015 | 3,504 | 1,657 | 679 | 227 | 185 | ||
| Adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.82–1.17) | 0.96 (0.80–1.16) | 0.95 (0.77–1.18) | 1.05 (0.80–1.37) | 0.63 (0.39–1.02) | 0.51 (0.27–0.94) | 0.113 | |
| Lipid-lowering medication | >0.05 | ||||||||
| No use | |||||||||
| Participants (n) | 2,338 | 5,234 | 4,988 | 2,603 | 1,121 | 469 | 378 | ||
| Adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.84 (0.71–1.00) | 0.76 (0.63–0.91) | 0.80 (0.65–0.99) | 0.65 (0.48–0.86) | 0.53 (0.34–0.82) | 0.67 (0.42–1.08) | <0.001 | |
| Use | |||||||||
| Participants (n) | 2,899 | 6,866 | 5,825 | 2,890 | 1,105 | 379 | 250 | ||
| Adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.87–1.17) | 1.01 (0.87–1.18) | 0.93 (0.77–1.11) | 0.87 (0.68–1.10) | 0.91 (0.65–1.28) | 0.67 (0.41–1.09) | 0.056 | |
Adjusted for age, sex, race, BMI, systolic blood pressure, HbA1c, LDL-C, triglycerides, type of insurance, income, smoking, use of antihypertensive drugs, use of diabetes medications, and use of cholesterol-lowering agents.