Body weight and composition, glycemic control, and cardiovascular risk markers after 24 weeks on an LC diet or an energy-matched HC diet*
| . | LC diet (n = 46) . | HC diet (n = 47) . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Week 24 . | Change . | Week 24 . | Change . | P value† . |
| Body weight and composition | |||||
| Body weight (kg) | 88.1 (13.7) | −12.0 (6.3) | 89.9 (14.9) | −11.5 (5.5) | 0.57 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.0 (4.4) | −4.0 (2.0) | 30.9 (4.2) | −4.0 (1.8) | 0.74 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 100.5 (10.9) | −10.6 (7.1) | 103.2 (11.9) | −9.1 (6.4) | 0.25 |
| Total FFM (kg)‡ | 58.8 (10.0) | −1.7 (2.0) | 57.7 (10.6) | −1.9 (1.7) | 0.66 |
| Total FM (kg)‡ | 29.1 (11.8) | −10.2 (5.7) | 32.2 (11.3) | −9.6 (5.2) | 0.64 |
| FM-to-FFM ratio (kg/kg)‡ | 0.5 (0.2) | −0.2 (0.1) | 0.6 (0.2) | −0.1 (0.1) | 0.76 |
| Glycemic control | |||||
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 6.8 (1.5) | −1.1 (2.2) | 6.7 (1.6) | −1.6 (2.5) | 0.67 |
| Mean glucose (mmol/L)§ | |||||
| Baseline >8.6 | 6.9 (1.2) | −3.4 (2.2) | 7.6 (1.8) | −2.5 (1.6) | 0.01†† |
| Baseline ≤8.6 | 6.2 (0.8) | −0.9 (1.2) | 6.6 (1.1) | −0.8 (1.0) | |
| Minimum glucose (mmol/L)§ | 4.2 (0.9) | −1.9 (2.0) | 4.3 (1.1) | −1.6 (1.6) | 0.81 |
| Maximum glucose (mmol/L)§ | |||||
| Baseline >13.2 | 10.1 (2.3) | −6.3 (2.6) | 12.7 (3.7) | −3.6 (4.0) | 0.04‡‡ |
| Baseline ≤13.2 | 9.3 (1.7) | −1.4 (2.3) | 9.3 (1.8) | −2.1 (2.1) | |
| Glucose range (mmol/L)§ | 5.5 (2.0) | −3.6 (3.1) | 7.1 (3.5) | −2.5 (3.8) | 0.049 |
| SDintraday (mmol/L)§ | 1.1 (0.5) | −0.9 (0.7) | 1.5 (0.7) | −0.6 (0.8) | 0.004 |
| SDinterday (mmol/L)‖ | 0.3 (0.2) | −0.2 (0.5) | 0.4 (0.3) | −0.1 (0.5) | 0.06 |
| MAGE (mmol/L)§ | 2.9 (1.4) | −2.3 (2.0) | 3.9 (2.1) | −1.4 (2.3) | 0.03 |
| CONGA-1 (mmol/L)§ | 1.0 (0.4) | −0.6 (0.5) | 1.4 (0.6) | −0.3 (0.6) | 0.002 |
| CONGA-4 (mmol/L)§ | 1.6 (0.8) | −1.4 (1.1) | 2.1 (1.1) | −0.8 (1.2) | 0.005 |
| MODD (mmol/L)‖ | 1.1 (0.5) | −0.8 (0.7) | 1.5 (0.7) | −0.5 (0.9) | 0.002 |
| AUCtotal per min (mmol/L)§ | |||||
| Baseline >18.0 | 13.3 (2.7) | −7.9 (5.0) | 15.4 (4.0) | −5.4 (3.7) | 0.005§§ |
| Baseline ≤18.0 | 12.5 (1.7) | −1.6 (3.5) | 12.5 (2.8) | −2.5 (3.6) | |
| CVD risk markers | |||||
| SBP (mmHg) | 120.1 (11.4) | −11.0 (10.6) | 122.9 (14.2) | −8.7 (12.5) | 0.26 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 72.4 (6.3) | −8.2 (5.6) | 74.3 (7.5) | −6.4 (7.8) | 0.10 |
| Insulin (mU/L)¶ | 8.7 (4.7) | −7.7 (6.2) | 9.5 (4.7) | −6.5 (5.7) | 0.22 |
| HOMA2-IR¶ | 1.2 (0.6) | −1.1 (0.9) | 1.3 (0.7) | −1.0 (0.8) | 0.23 |
| HOMA2-%B¶ | 62.3 (30.8) | −8.8 (19.9) | 64.2 (25.1) | −4.7 (22.9) | 0.12 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.0 (0.9) | −0.3 (0.70) | 4.0 (0.9) | −0.3 (0.9) | 0.89 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.1 (0.8) | −0.3 (0.5) | 2.1 (0.8) | −0.3 (0.7) | 0.81 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | |||||
| Baseline <1.3 | 1.3 (0.2) | 0.2 (0.3) | 1.1 (0.2) | 0.05 (0.2) | 0.007‖‖ |
| Baseline ≥1.3 | 1.5 (0.2) | 0.03 (0.2) | 1.6 (0.2) | −0.06 (0.2) | |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.1 (0.5) | −0.5 (0.5) | 1.3 (0.5) | −0.1 (0.5) | 0.001 |
| CRP (mg/L)# | 2.1 (2.1) | −0.6 (1.7) | 1.6 (1.5) | −0.6 (1.7) | 0.62 |
| Medications | |||||
| Antiglycemic MES | 0.8 (0.7) | −0.5 (0.5) | 1.0 (1.1) | −0.2 (0.5) | 0.003 |
| Proportion of cohort that achieved decrease in MES | |||||
| ≥20% decrease, n (%) | 31 (67.4) | 13 (27.7) | <0.005 | ||
| ≥50% decrease, n (%) | 16 (34.8) | 8 (17.0) | 0.05 | ||
| Physical activity** | |||||
| Mean activity count (counts/min) | 232.7 (88.5) | 44.3 (57.9) | 232.5 (78) | 51.7 (45.3) | 0.51 |
| MVPA (min/day) | 58.0 (25.9) | 11.8 (17.0) | 55.7 (21.6) | 12.6 (13.0) | 0.83 |
| MVPA (% of total wear time) | 4.3 (1.9) | 0.8 (1.2) | 4.1 (1.6) | 0.9 (1.0) | 0.81 |
| . | LC diet (n = 46) . | HC diet (n = 47) . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Week 24 . | Change . | Week 24 . | Change . | P value† . |
| Body weight and composition | |||||
| Body weight (kg) | 88.1 (13.7) | −12.0 (6.3) | 89.9 (14.9) | −11.5 (5.5) | 0.57 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.0 (4.4) | −4.0 (2.0) | 30.9 (4.2) | −4.0 (1.8) | 0.74 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 100.5 (10.9) | −10.6 (7.1) | 103.2 (11.9) | −9.1 (6.4) | 0.25 |
| Total FFM (kg)‡ | 58.8 (10.0) | −1.7 (2.0) | 57.7 (10.6) | −1.9 (1.7) | 0.66 |
| Total FM (kg)‡ | 29.1 (11.8) | −10.2 (5.7) | 32.2 (11.3) | −9.6 (5.2) | 0.64 |
| FM-to-FFM ratio (kg/kg)‡ | 0.5 (0.2) | −0.2 (0.1) | 0.6 (0.2) | −0.1 (0.1) | 0.76 |
| Glycemic control | |||||
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 6.8 (1.5) | −1.1 (2.2) | 6.7 (1.6) | −1.6 (2.5) | 0.67 |
| Mean glucose (mmol/L)§ | |||||
| Baseline >8.6 | 6.9 (1.2) | −3.4 (2.2) | 7.6 (1.8) | −2.5 (1.6) | 0.01†† |
| Baseline ≤8.6 | 6.2 (0.8) | −0.9 (1.2) | 6.6 (1.1) | −0.8 (1.0) | |
| Minimum glucose (mmol/L)§ | 4.2 (0.9) | −1.9 (2.0) | 4.3 (1.1) | −1.6 (1.6) | 0.81 |
| Maximum glucose (mmol/L)§ | |||||
| Baseline >13.2 | 10.1 (2.3) | −6.3 (2.6) | 12.7 (3.7) | −3.6 (4.0) | 0.04‡‡ |
| Baseline ≤13.2 | 9.3 (1.7) | −1.4 (2.3) | 9.3 (1.8) | −2.1 (2.1) | |
| Glucose range (mmol/L)§ | 5.5 (2.0) | −3.6 (3.1) | 7.1 (3.5) | −2.5 (3.8) | 0.049 |
| SDintraday (mmol/L)§ | 1.1 (0.5) | −0.9 (0.7) | 1.5 (0.7) | −0.6 (0.8) | 0.004 |
| SDinterday (mmol/L)‖ | 0.3 (0.2) | −0.2 (0.5) | 0.4 (0.3) | −0.1 (0.5) | 0.06 |
| MAGE (mmol/L)§ | 2.9 (1.4) | −2.3 (2.0) | 3.9 (2.1) | −1.4 (2.3) | 0.03 |
| CONGA-1 (mmol/L)§ | 1.0 (0.4) | −0.6 (0.5) | 1.4 (0.6) | −0.3 (0.6) | 0.002 |
| CONGA-4 (mmol/L)§ | 1.6 (0.8) | −1.4 (1.1) | 2.1 (1.1) | −0.8 (1.2) | 0.005 |
| MODD (mmol/L)‖ | 1.1 (0.5) | −0.8 (0.7) | 1.5 (0.7) | −0.5 (0.9) | 0.002 |
| AUCtotal per min (mmol/L)§ | |||||
| Baseline >18.0 | 13.3 (2.7) | −7.9 (5.0) | 15.4 (4.0) | −5.4 (3.7) | 0.005§§ |
| Baseline ≤18.0 | 12.5 (1.7) | −1.6 (3.5) | 12.5 (2.8) | −2.5 (3.6) | |
| CVD risk markers | |||||
| SBP (mmHg) | 120.1 (11.4) | −11.0 (10.6) | 122.9 (14.2) | −8.7 (12.5) | 0.26 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 72.4 (6.3) | −8.2 (5.6) | 74.3 (7.5) | −6.4 (7.8) | 0.10 |
| Insulin (mU/L)¶ | 8.7 (4.7) | −7.7 (6.2) | 9.5 (4.7) | −6.5 (5.7) | 0.22 |
| HOMA2-IR¶ | 1.2 (0.6) | −1.1 (0.9) | 1.3 (0.7) | −1.0 (0.8) | 0.23 |
| HOMA2-%B¶ | 62.3 (30.8) | −8.8 (19.9) | 64.2 (25.1) | −4.7 (22.9) | 0.12 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.0 (0.9) | −0.3 (0.70) | 4.0 (0.9) | −0.3 (0.9) | 0.89 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.1 (0.8) | −0.3 (0.5) | 2.1 (0.8) | −0.3 (0.7) | 0.81 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | |||||
| Baseline <1.3 | 1.3 (0.2) | 0.2 (0.3) | 1.1 (0.2) | 0.05 (0.2) | 0.007‖‖ |
| Baseline ≥1.3 | 1.5 (0.2) | 0.03 (0.2) | 1.6 (0.2) | −0.06 (0.2) | |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.1 (0.5) | −0.5 (0.5) | 1.3 (0.5) | −0.1 (0.5) | 0.001 |
| CRP (mg/L)# | 2.1 (2.1) | −0.6 (1.7) | 1.6 (1.5) | −0.6 (1.7) | 0.62 |
| Medications | |||||
| Antiglycemic MES | 0.8 (0.7) | −0.5 (0.5) | 1.0 (1.1) | −0.2 (0.5) | 0.003 |
| Proportion of cohort that achieved decrease in MES | |||||
| ≥20% decrease, n (%) | 31 (67.4) | 13 (27.7) | <0.005 | ||
| ≥50% decrease, n (%) | 16 (34.8) | 8 (17.0) | 0.05 | ||
| Physical activity** | |||||
| Mean activity count (counts/min) | 232.7 (88.5) | 44.3 (57.9) | 232.5 (78) | 51.7 (45.3) | 0.51 |
| MVPA (min/day) | 58.0 (25.9) | 11.8 (17.0) | 55.7 (21.6) | 12.6 (13.0) | 0.83 |
| MVPA (% of total wear time) | 4.3 (1.9) | 0.8 (1.2) | 4.1 (1.6) | 0.9 (1.0) | 0.81 |
Data are means (SD), unless otherwise stated. DBP, diastolic blood pressure; MVPA, moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity; SBP, systolic blood pressure. To convert mmol/L to mg/dL, multiply by 18 (for glucose), 38.7 (for cholesterol), and 88.6 (for TGs).
*Total analyzed n = 93 (LC 46 and HC 47) for all data unless otherwise stated.
†P value refers to between-group differences over time (diet effect) by ANCOVA and J-N procedure where appropriate.
‡Total analyzed n = 92 (LC 45 and HC 47) for body composition data; DEXA scan was not performed at baseline for one participant in LC diet group.
§Total analyzed n = 91 (LC 46 and HC 45) for CGM data; CGM device did not collect valid data for two participants in the HC diet group at 24 weeks due to poor system connectivity.
‖Total analyzed n = 83 (LC 42 and HC 41) that met requirement of 48-h valid CGM data collection to calculate comparisons between 2 successive days.
¶Total analyzed n = 82 (LC 41 and HC 41) for insulin and HOMA2 data; 11 participants on insulin medication were excluded from these analyses.
#Total analyzed n = 84 (LC 43 and HC 41) for CRP data; nine participants with CRP >10 mg/L were excluded from these analyses.
**Total analyzed n = 91 (LC 45 and HC 46); two participants with accelerometry data that did not meet the validity criteria were excluded.
††Significant group × baseline interaction, with significant group effect for baseline mean glucose >8.6 mmol/L (LC 18 and HC 22).
‡‡Significant group × baseline interaction, with significant group effect for baseline maximum glucose >13.2 mmol/L (LC 26 and HC 28).
§§Significant group × baseline interaction, with significant group effect for baseline AUCtotal per min >18.0 mmol/L (LC 14 and HC 17).
‖‖Significant group × baseline interaction, with significant group effect for baseline HDL-C <1.3 mmol/L (LC 33 and HC 28).