Demographic and clinical parameters and neuropathy assessments in control and type 1 diabetic subjects at baseline and 24 months
| . | Control . | MDI . | CSII . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline . | 24 months . | Baseline . | 24 months . | Baseline . | 24 months . | |
| Age (years) | 53.2 ± 2.2 | — | 55.4 ± 2.9 | — | 49.9 ± 3.3 | — |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.4 ± 0.7 | 26.2 ± 1.1 | 27.4 ± 0.9 | 27.3 ± 0.7 | 26.0 ± 0.9 | 27.3 ± 1.4 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | — | — | 34.8 ± 3.1 | — | 35.2 ± 3.6 | — |
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | 129.7 ± 2.6/72.7 ± 1.6 | 116.9 ± 5.8/65.5 ± 3.1 | 136.5 ± 5.59/74.7 ± 2.3 | 127.9 ± 4.0/66.3 ± 1.7 | 138.5 ± 4.1/71.7 ± 1.2 | 135.8 ± 6.3/68.6 ± 2.9 |
| HbA1c | ||||||
| % | 5.5 ± 0.1 | 5.2 ± 0.4 | 8.3 ± 0.3# | 8.2 ± 0.8 | 8.1 ± 0.2# | 8.0 ± 0.2 |
| mmol/mol | 37.1 ± 0.5 | 33.7 ± 0.7 | 66.7 ± 2.8# | 66.2 ± 3.9 | 64.2 ± 2.7# | 63.9 ± 2.3 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 84.3 ± 1.1 | 83.2 ± 1.8 | 79.8 ± 3.2 | 72.2 ± 3.9 | 84.8 ± 3.3 | 77.2 ± 3.9 |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.1 ± 0.2 | 4.6 ± 0.2 | 4.1 ± 0.1# | 4.2 ± 0.2 | 4.6 ± 0.3# | 4.3 ± 0.3 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 1.3 | 1.4 ± 0.1 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 2.7 ± 0.1 | 2.4 ± 0.2 | 1.8 ± 0.1# | 1.9 ± 0.1 | 2.5 ± 0.2# | 2.2 ± 0.3 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.1 |
| NSP | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 4.8 ± 1.4* | 5.0 ± 1.4 | 2.4 ± 1.2* | 2.9 ± 1.2 |
| NDS | 0.6 ± 0.3 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 3.7 ± 1.7# | 3.7 ± 0.7 | 3.9 ± 0.9# | 3.2 ± 0.9 |
| VPT (V) | 6.2 ± 1.3 | 6.3 ± 1.3 | 15.9 ± 2.5* | 16.9 ± 2.2 | 14.6 ± 2.9* | 15.2 ± 3.1 |
| PMNCV (m/s) | 48.7 ± 1.2 | 49.1 ± 1.2 | 40.5 ± 1.1* | 40.7 ± 1.1 | 38.8 ± 2.2* | 38.4 ± 2.1 |
| PMNA (mV) | 6.3 ± 0.5 | 6.1 ± 0.5 | 3.1 ± 0.5* | 3.2 ± 0.2 | 2.7 ± 0.6* | 2.5 ± 0.5 |
| SNCV (m/s) | 50.5 ± 0.8 | 50.1 ± 0.8 | 40.7 ± 1.4* | 38.9 ± 1.3 | 43.3 ± 2.0* | 40.4 ± 2.4 |
| SNAP (μV) | 18.3 ± 1.3 | 22.8 ± 1.9 | 7.4 ± 1.1* | 7.2 ± 1.1 | 10.0 ± 2.3* | 8.3 ± 2.0 |
| DB-HRV | 30.6 ± 2.3 | 27.1 ± 2.2 | 25.1 ± 3.7 | 20.0 ± 3.1 | 28.9 ± 4.5 | 22.5 ± 2.7~ |
| CT (°C) | 28.4 ± 0.3 | 28.1 ± 0.4 | 25.5 ± 0.9# | 23.4 ± 1.4 | 22.9 ± 2.3# | 22.0 ± 1.0 |
| WT (°C) | 37.1 ± 0.4 | 37.9 ± 0.8 | 39.5 ± 0.8# | 41.3 ± 0.8 | 40.2 ± 1.2# | 39.6 ± 1.1 |
| IENFD (no./mm) | 9.7 ± 0.8 | 9.5 ± 0.7 | 5.8 ± 0.9* | 4.9 ± 0.9 | 5.4 ± 0.93* | 5.7 ± 1.1 |
| CNFD (no./mm2) | 29.8 ± 1.2 | 29.2 ± 1.9 | 20.1 ± 1.6# | 18.6 ± 1.8 | 16.8 ± 2.0# | 19.4 ± 2.6~ |
| CNBD (no./mm2) | 39.6 ± 2.5 | 40.2 ± 4.4 | 23.5 ± 2.7# | 20.9 ± 2.9 | 17.6 ± 2.4# | 25.4 ± 3.7~ |
| CNFL (mm/mm2) | 17.4 ± 0.6 | 17.3 ± 0.9 | 12.2 ± 0.8# | 11.9 ± 0.9 | 10.1 ± 1.0# | 12.2 ± 1.1^ |
| . | Control . | MDI . | CSII . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline . | 24 months . | Baseline . | 24 months . | Baseline . | 24 months . | |
| Age (years) | 53.2 ± 2.2 | — | 55.4 ± 2.9 | — | 49.9 ± 3.3 | — |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.4 ± 0.7 | 26.2 ± 1.1 | 27.4 ± 0.9 | 27.3 ± 0.7 | 26.0 ± 0.9 | 27.3 ± 1.4 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | — | — | 34.8 ± 3.1 | — | 35.2 ± 3.6 | — |
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | 129.7 ± 2.6/72.7 ± 1.6 | 116.9 ± 5.8/65.5 ± 3.1 | 136.5 ± 5.59/74.7 ± 2.3 | 127.9 ± 4.0/66.3 ± 1.7 | 138.5 ± 4.1/71.7 ± 1.2 | 135.8 ± 6.3/68.6 ± 2.9 |
| HbA1c | ||||||
| % | 5.5 ± 0.1 | 5.2 ± 0.4 | 8.3 ± 0.3# | 8.2 ± 0.8 | 8.1 ± 0.2# | 8.0 ± 0.2 |
| mmol/mol | 37.1 ± 0.5 | 33.7 ± 0.7 | 66.7 ± 2.8# | 66.2 ± 3.9 | 64.2 ± 2.7# | 63.9 ± 2.3 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 84.3 ± 1.1 | 83.2 ± 1.8 | 79.8 ± 3.2 | 72.2 ± 3.9 | 84.8 ± 3.3 | 77.2 ± 3.9 |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.1 ± 0.2 | 4.6 ± 0.2 | 4.1 ± 0.1# | 4.2 ± 0.2 | 4.6 ± 0.3# | 4.3 ± 0.3 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 1.3 | 1.4 ± 0.1 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 2.7 ± 0.1 | 2.4 ± 0.2 | 1.8 ± 0.1# | 1.9 ± 0.1 | 2.5 ± 0.2# | 2.2 ± 0.3 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.1 |
| NSP | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 4.8 ± 1.4* | 5.0 ± 1.4 | 2.4 ± 1.2* | 2.9 ± 1.2 |
| NDS | 0.6 ± 0.3 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 3.7 ± 1.7# | 3.7 ± 0.7 | 3.9 ± 0.9# | 3.2 ± 0.9 |
| VPT (V) | 6.2 ± 1.3 | 6.3 ± 1.3 | 15.9 ± 2.5* | 16.9 ± 2.2 | 14.6 ± 2.9* | 15.2 ± 3.1 |
| PMNCV (m/s) | 48.7 ± 1.2 | 49.1 ± 1.2 | 40.5 ± 1.1* | 40.7 ± 1.1 | 38.8 ± 2.2* | 38.4 ± 2.1 |
| PMNA (mV) | 6.3 ± 0.5 | 6.1 ± 0.5 | 3.1 ± 0.5* | 3.2 ± 0.2 | 2.7 ± 0.6* | 2.5 ± 0.5 |
| SNCV (m/s) | 50.5 ± 0.8 | 50.1 ± 0.8 | 40.7 ± 1.4* | 38.9 ± 1.3 | 43.3 ± 2.0* | 40.4 ± 2.4 |
| SNAP (μV) | 18.3 ± 1.3 | 22.8 ± 1.9 | 7.4 ± 1.1* | 7.2 ± 1.1 | 10.0 ± 2.3* | 8.3 ± 2.0 |
| DB-HRV | 30.6 ± 2.3 | 27.1 ± 2.2 | 25.1 ± 3.7 | 20.0 ± 3.1 | 28.9 ± 4.5 | 22.5 ± 2.7~ |
| CT (°C) | 28.4 ± 0.3 | 28.1 ± 0.4 | 25.5 ± 0.9# | 23.4 ± 1.4 | 22.9 ± 2.3# | 22.0 ± 1.0 |
| WT (°C) | 37.1 ± 0.4 | 37.9 ± 0.8 | 39.5 ± 0.8# | 41.3 ± 0.8 | 40.2 ± 1.2# | 39.6 ± 1.1 |
| IENFD (no./mm) | 9.7 ± 0.8 | 9.5 ± 0.7 | 5.8 ± 0.9* | 4.9 ± 0.9 | 5.4 ± 0.93* | 5.7 ± 1.1 |
| CNFD (no./mm2) | 29.8 ± 1.2 | 29.2 ± 1.9 | 20.1 ± 1.6# | 18.6 ± 1.8 | 16.8 ± 2.0# | 19.4 ± 2.6~ |
| CNBD (no./mm2) | 39.6 ± 2.5 | 40.2 ± 4.4 | 23.5 ± 2.7# | 20.9 ± 2.9 | 17.6 ± 2.4# | 25.4 ± 3.7~ |
| CNFL (mm/mm2) | 17.4 ± 0.6 | 17.3 ± 0.9 | 12.2 ± 0.8# | 11.9 ± 0.9 | 10.1 ± 1.0# | 12.2 ± 1.1^ |
Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; NDS, neuropathy disability score; NSP, neuropathy symptom profile; PMNA, peroneal motor nerve amplitude; PMNCV, peroneal motor nerve conduction velocity; SNAP, sural nerve action potential; SNCV, sural nerve conduction velocity. All symbols represent statistically significant differences using one-way ANOVA:
*P < 0.005,
#P < 0.0001, baseline vs. control;
~P < 0.05,
^P < 0.005, baseline vs. 24 months.