Baseline characteristics in terms of quintiles of differences in energy intake between dinner and breakfast: NHANES, 2003–2014
| . | Quintile 1 (N = 943) . | Quintile 2 (N = 938) . | Quintile 3 (N = 940) . | Quintile 4 (N = 939) . | Quintile 5 (N = 939) . | P . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 59.49 (58.28–60.71) | 61.28 (60.19–62.37) | 61.71 (60.53–62.89) | 58.44 (57.18–59.69) | 55.46 (54.32–56.61) | <0.001 |
| Female, % | 46.99 (43.21–50.80) | 58.21 (53.85–62.45) | 60.18 (56.09–64.12) | 49.70 (45.20–54.20) | 33.80 (29.90–37.90) | <0.001 |
| Non-Hispanic white | 44.80 (39.10–50.60) | 59.82 (54.60–64.82) | 65.28 (60.99–69.33) | 67.67 (62.87–72.13) | 68.73 (63.76–73.31) | <0.001 |
| Current smoking, % | 19.60 (16.28–23.40) | 15.41 (12.77–18.49) | 15.27 (12.64–18.33) | 19.79 (16.57–23.46) | 26.85 (22.96–31.14) | 0.163 |
| Current drinking, % | 60.60 (56.52–64.53) | 53.93 (48.80–58.97) | 59.84 (55.99–63.58) | 64.08 (59.60–68.33) | 71.93 (67.40–76.06) | 0.083 |
| College graduate or above | 11.82 (8.78–15.73) | 28.21 (24.1–32.73) | 17.84 (14.39–21.91) | 20.08 (16.56–24.13) | 20.88 (17.16–25.17) | <0.001 |
| >$100,000 annual household income | 7.28 (5.14–10.23) | 9.03 (6.49–12.42) | 9.09 (6.33–12.88) | 9.29 (6.59–12.96) | 12.57 (9.36–16.67) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 31.63 (31.06–32.19) | 31.59 (30.90–32.29) | 32.55 (31.86–33.24) | 32.88 (32.18–33.59) | 33.47 (32.70–34.23) | 0.001 |
| Regular exercise, % | 15.15 (11.98–18.98) | 20.73 (17.58–24.27) | 17.49 (13.53–22.32) | 22.04 (18.45–26.10) | 17.48 (13.79–21.91) | 0.076 |
| Dietary supplement use, % | 47.88 (43.82–51.97) | 55.56 (51.16–59.88) | 55.55 (51.08–59.92) | 59.36 (54.50–64.04) | 51.31 (46.96–55.65) | 0.342 |
| Duration of diabetes, years | 16.66 (0.97) | 17.23 (1.02) | 18.05 (1.12) | 19.13 (1.17) | 17.39 (1.45) | 0.001 |
| Family history of diabetes, % | 2.08 (1.23–3.50) | 2.77 (1.79–4.24) | 1.90 (1.16–3.08) | 3.77 (2.20–6.40) | 3.50 (2.31–5.27) | 0.186 |
| Ever controlled diabetes, % | 43.38 (39.11–47.76) | 51.16 (46.24–56.05) | 52.23 (48.04–56.38) | 48.45 (44.00–52.92) | 49.62 (44.98–54.27) | 0.008 |
| Prevalent hypertension, % | 63.49 (58.68–68.05) | 67.63 (63.29–71.68) | 70.44 (66.64–73.98) | 65.20 (60.72–69.42) | 59.80 (55.92–63.55) | 0.114 |
| Ever controlled hypertension, % | 55.92 (51.23–60.51) | 62.01 (57.34–66.47) | 63.78 (59.68–67.7) | 58.20 (53.79–62.48) | 52.29 (48.12–56.42) | 0.003 |
| Prevalent dyslipidemia, % | 59.29 (54.73–63.7) | 64.15 (60.33–67.79) | 60.94 (56.53–65.18) | 63.93 (59.74–67.91) | 59.77 (55.84–63.59) | 0.234 |
| Ever controlled dyslipidemia, % | 49.00 (45.08–52.93) | 55.65 (51.34–59.88) | 51.98 (47.28–56.63) | 52.40 (48.20–56.57) | 49.62 (45.79–53.46) | 0.174 |
| Total energy, kcal/day | 1,789.7 (1,721.2–1,858.1) | 1,611.0 (1,546.6–1,675.5) | 1,694.7 (1,635.07–1,754.47) | 1,902.8 (1,840.4–1,965.2) | 2,400.3 (2,329.96–2,470.73) | <0.001 |
| AHEI | 44.72 (0.59) | 43.30 (0.61) | 44.98 (0.64) | 49.34 (0.54) | 55.12 (0.52) | <0.001 |
| Energy at breakfast, kcal/day | 656.62 (12.35) | 420.16 (9.77) | 366.37 (10.06) | 333.66 (9.16) | 290.08 (10.84) | <0.001 |
| Energy at dinner, kcal/day | 349.67 (10.33) | 452.85 (9.90) | 589.42 (10.08) | 766.73 (9.44) | 1,229.33 (18.67) | <0.001 |
| SBP, mmHg | 131.42 (129.72–133.12) | 130.35 (128.69–132.01) | 131.88 (129.88–133.88) | 129.42 (127.77–131.07) | 129.35 (127.91–130.78) | 0.044 |
| DBP, mmHg | 68.95 (67.63–70.27) | 68.56 (67.40–69.71) | 66.90 (65.47–68.33) | 69.82 (68.50–71.14) | 70.63 (69.38–71.89) | <0.001 |
| Serum glucose, mmol/L | 8.73 (8.39–9.08) | 8.39 (8.07–8.71) | 8.03 (7.75–8.31) | 8.32 (7.99–8.66) | 8.57 (8.29–8.85) | 0.917 |
| Glycohemoglobin, % | 7.37 (7.22–7.53) | 7.22 (7.09–7.34) | 7.13 (7.00–7.26) | 7.12 (6.99–7.24) | 7.32 (7.18–7.46) | 0.745 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 2.33 (2.13–2.52) | 2.31 (2.02–2.60) | 2.27 (2.06–2.49) | 2.28 (2.09–2.47) | 2.31 (2.16–2.45) | 0.983 |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.21 (1.18–1.24) | 1.26 (1.23–1.29) | 1.24 (1.21–1.28) | 1.23 (1.19–1.26) | 1.19 (1.16–1.22) | 0.007 |
| . | Quintile 1 (N = 943) . | Quintile 2 (N = 938) . | Quintile 3 (N = 940) . | Quintile 4 (N = 939) . | Quintile 5 (N = 939) . | P . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 59.49 (58.28–60.71) | 61.28 (60.19–62.37) | 61.71 (60.53–62.89) | 58.44 (57.18–59.69) | 55.46 (54.32–56.61) | <0.001 |
| Female, % | 46.99 (43.21–50.80) | 58.21 (53.85–62.45) | 60.18 (56.09–64.12) | 49.70 (45.20–54.20) | 33.80 (29.90–37.90) | <0.001 |
| Non-Hispanic white | 44.80 (39.10–50.60) | 59.82 (54.60–64.82) | 65.28 (60.99–69.33) | 67.67 (62.87–72.13) | 68.73 (63.76–73.31) | <0.001 |
| Current smoking, % | 19.60 (16.28–23.40) | 15.41 (12.77–18.49) | 15.27 (12.64–18.33) | 19.79 (16.57–23.46) | 26.85 (22.96–31.14) | 0.163 |
| Current drinking, % | 60.60 (56.52–64.53) | 53.93 (48.80–58.97) | 59.84 (55.99–63.58) | 64.08 (59.60–68.33) | 71.93 (67.40–76.06) | 0.083 |
| College graduate or above | 11.82 (8.78–15.73) | 28.21 (24.1–32.73) | 17.84 (14.39–21.91) | 20.08 (16.56–24.13) | 20.88 (17.16–25.17) | <0.001 |
| >$100,000 annual household income | 7.28 (5.14–10.23) | 9.03 (6.49–12.42) | 9.09 (6.33–12.88) | 9.29 (6.59–12.96) | 12.57 (9.36–16.67) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 31.63 (31.06–32.19) | 31.59 (30.90–32.29) | 32.55 (31.86–33.24) | 32.88 (32.18–33.59) | 33.47 (32.70–34.23) | 0.001 |
| Regular exercise, % | 15.15 (11.98–18.98) | 20.73 (17.58–24.27) | 17.49 (13.53–22.32) | 22.04 (18.45–26.10) | 17.48 (13.79–21.91) | 0.076 |
| Dietary supplement use, % | 47.88 (43.82–51.97) | 55.56 (51.16–59.88) | 55.55 (51.08–59.92) | 59.36 (54.50–64.04) | 51.31 (46.96–55.65) | 0.342 |
| Duration of diabetes, years | 16.66 (0.97) | 17.23 (1.02) | 18.05 (1.12) | 19.13 (1.17) | 17.39 (1.45) | 0.001 |
| Family history of diabetes, % | 2.08 (1.23–3.50) | 2.77 (1.79–4.24) | 1.90 (1.16–3.08) | 3.77 (2.20–6.40) | 3.50 (2.31–5.27) | 0.186 |
| Ever controlled diabetes, % | 43.38 (39.11–47.76) | 51.16 (46.24–56.05) | 52.23 (48.04–56.38) | 48.45 (44.00–52.92) | 49.62 (44.98–54.27) | 0.008 |
| Prevalent hypertension, % | 63.49 (58.68–68.05) | 67.63 (63.29–71.68) | 70.44 (66.64–73.98) | 65.20 (60.72–69.42) | 59.80 (55.92–63.55) | 0.114 |
| Ever controlled hypertension, % | 55.92 (51.23–60.51) | 62.01 (57.34–66.47) | 63.78 (59.68–67.7) | 58.20 (53.79–62.48) | 52.29 (48.12–56.42) | 0.003 |
| Prevalent dyslipidemia, % | 59.29 (54.73–63.7) | 64.15 (60.33–67.79) | 60.94 (56.53–65.18) | 63.93 (59.74–67.91) | 59.77 (55.84–63.59) | 0.234 |
| Ever controlled dyslipidemia, % | 49.00 (45.08–52.93) | 55.65 (51.34–59.88) | 51.98 (47.28–56.63) | 52.40 (48.20–56.57) | 49.62 (45.79–53.46) | 0.174 |
| Total energy, kcal/day | 1,789.7 (1,721.2–1,858.1) | 1,611.0 (1,546.6–1,675.5) | 1,694.7 (1,635.07–1,754.47) | 1,902.8 (1,840.4–1,965.2) | 2,400.3 (2,329.96–2,470.73) | <0.001 |
| AHEI | 44.72 (0.59) | 43.30 (0.61) | 44.98 (0.64) | 49.34 (0.54) | 55.12 (0.52) | <0.001 |
| Energy at breakfast, kcal/day | 656.62 (12.35) | 420.16 (9.77) | 366.37 (10.06) | 333.66 (9.16) | 290.08 (10.84) | <0.001 |
| Energy at dinner, kcal/day | 349.67 (10.33) | 452.85 (9.90) | 589.42 (10.08) | 766.73 (9.44) | 1,229.33 (18.67) | <0.001 |
| SBP, mmHg | 131.42 (129.72–133.12) | 130.35 (128.69–132.01) | 131.88 (129.88–133.88) | 129.42 (127.77–131.07) | 129.35 (127.91–130.78) | 0.044 |
| DBP, mmHg | 68.95 (67.63–70.27) | 68.56 (67.40–69.71) | 66.90 (65.47–68.33) | 69.82 (68.50–71.14) | 70.63 (69.38–71.89) | <0.001 |
| Serum glucose, mmol/L | 8.73 (8.39–9.08) | 8.39 (8.07–8.71) | 8.03 (7.75–8.31) | 8.32 (7.99–8.66) | 8.57 (8.29–8.85) | 0.917 |
| Glycohemoglobin, % | 7.37 (7.22–7.53) | 7.22 (7.09–7.34) | 7.13 (7.00–7.26) | 7.12 (6.99–7.24) | 7.32 (7.18–7.46) | 0.745 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 2.33 (2.13–2.52) | 2.31 (2.02–2.60) | 2.27 (2.06–2.49) | 2.28 (2.09–2.47) | 2.31 (2.16–2.45) | 0.983 |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.21 (1.18–1.24) | 1.26 (1.23–1.29) | 1.24 (1.21–1.28) | 1.23 (1.19–1.26) | 1.19 (1.16–1.22) | 0.007 |
Continuous variables are presented as weighted mean (95% CI). Categorical variables are presented as weighted percentages (95% CI). All data analyses conducted in the current study were based on estimates with sample weights provided by NHANES.