Baseline characteristics by sex and diabetes status
| . | Women . | Men . | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | All (n = 263,024) . | No diabetes (n = 221,592) . | Prediabetes (n = 30,939) . | Undiagnosed diabetes (n = 1,253) . | Previously diagnosed diabetes (n = 9,240) . | All (n = 208,375) . | No diabetes (n = 170,672) . | Prediabetes (n = 23,486) . | Undiagnosed diabetes (n = 1,801) . | Previously diagnosed diabetes (n = 12,416) . |
| General characteristics | ||||||||||
| Age (years) | 56.2 (8.0) | 55.6 (8.0) | 59.8 (6.6) | 58.9 (6.9) | 58.3 (7.7) | 56.3 (8.2) | 55.7 (8.3) | 58.6 (7.6) | 57.3 (7.8) | 59.4 (7.2) |
| Ethnicity | ||||||||||
| White | 247,983 (95) | 211,266 (96) | 27,885 (91) | 1,003 (81) | 7,829 (86) | 195,940 (95) | 162,750 (96) | 20,864 (90) | 1,519 (85) | 10,807 (88) |
| Nonwhite/mixed | 14,006 (5) | 9,569 (4) | 2,872 (9) | 235 (19) | 1,330 (15) | 11,271 (5) | 7,072 (4) | 2,433 (10) | 262 (15) | 1,504 (12) |
| SES | ||||||||||
| High | 177,791 (68) | 152,028 (69) | 19,949 (65) | 698 (56) | 5,116 (55) | 139,662 (67) | 116,866 (69) | 14,636 (62) | 993 (55) | 7,167 (58) |
| Low | 84,921 (32) | 69,310 (31) | 10,950 (35) | 553 (44) | 4,108 (45) | 68,441 (33) | 53,594 (31) | 8,813 (38) | 803 (45) | 5,231 (42) |
| Smoking | ||||||||||
| Never | 157,131 (60) | 133,337 (60) | 17,631 (57) | 728 (59) | 5,435 (59) | 104,685 (50) | 89,200 (52) | 9,666 (42) | 719 (40) | 5,100 (41) |
| Past | 81,592 (31) | 69,100 (31) | 9,184 (30) | 378 (31) | 2,930 (32) | 76,900 (37) | 61,270 (36) | 9,175 (39) | 755 (42) | 5,700 (46) |
| Current | 23,067 (9) | 18,222 (8) | 3,931 (13) | 131 (11) | 783 (9) | 25,752 (12) | 19,499 (11) | 4,452 (19) | 308 (17) | 1,493 (12) |
| Diabetes characteristics | ||||||||||
| Diabetes duration (years) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 8.4 (10.0) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 8.5 (10.1) |
| Median diabetes duration (years) (IQR) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 5 (2–10) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 5 (2–10) |
| Diabetes type 1^ | NA | NA | NA | NA | 500 (5) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 531 (4) |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.4 (0.5) | 5.3 (0.3) | 5.9 (0.2) | 7.4 (1.5) | 6.9 (1.3) | 5.5 (0.7) | 5.3 (0.3) | 5.9 (0.2) | 7.7 (1.6) | 7.0 (1.3) |
| Median HbA1c (%) (IQR) | 5.4 (5.1–5.6) | 5.3 (5.1–5.5) | 5.8 (5.8–6) | 6.9 (6.7–7.5) | 6.7 (6–7.5) | 5.4 (5.1–5.6) | 5.3 (5.1–5.5) | 5.9 (5.8–6) | 7.1 (6.7–8) | 6.7 (6.1–7.6) |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 35.7 (5.8) | 34.0 (3.0) | 41.0 (1.9) | 58.0 (16.7) | 51.8 (14.1) | 36.2 (7.1) | 33.9 (3.0) | 41.1 (2.0) | 60.8 (17.9) | 52.8 (13.9) |
| Median HbA1c (mmol/mol) (IQR) | 35.1 (32.7–37.6) | 34.4 (32.2–36.3) | 40.4 (39.5–41.9) | 51.8 (49.5–58.5) | 49.4 (42.0–58.5) | 35.1 (32.7–37.8) | 34.3 (32.1–36.2) | 40.5 (39.6–42.0) | 53.6 (49.9–64.3) | 50.1 (43.2–59.2) |
| Measurements | ||||||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27 (5.1) | 26.5 (4.8) | 28.8 (5.7) | 32.7 (6.3) | 31.8 (6.7) | 27.7 (4.2) | 27.3 (3.9) | 28.9 (4.6) | 31.4 (5.2) | 30.7 (5.3) |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 135.2 (19.2) | 134.3 (19.1) | 140.3 (19.1) | 146.74 (19.4) | 139.2 (17.7) | 141.1 (17.4) | 140.5 (17.3) | 143.9 (17.8) | 147.9 (18.1) | 142.6 (16.6) |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 80.8 (10) | 80.5 (10.0) | 82.4 (9.9) | 86.3 (10.2) | 80.9 (9.7) | 84.5 (9.9) | 84.4 (9.9) | 85.6 (9.9) | 88.8 (10.2) | 82.6 (9.4) |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.9 (1.1) | 5.9 (1.1) | 6.1 (1.2) | 6.1 (1.3) | 4.8 (1.1) | 5.6 (1.1) | 5.7 (1.0) | 5.6 (1.1) | 5.7 (1.2) | 4.4 (1.0) |
| Prescribed medication | ||||||||||
| Antidiabetic medication | ||||||||||
| Oral | NA | NA | NA | NA | 4,109 (73) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 6,045 (75) |
| Insulin | NA | NA | NA | NA | 834 (15) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1,015 (13) |
| Oral + insulin | NA | NA | NA | NA | 709 (13) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 959 (12) |
| Antihypertensive medication | 32,317 (12) | 21,483 (10) | 5,899 (19) | 281 (22) | 4,654 (50) | 32,553 (16) | 20,265 (12) | 4,893 (21) | 384 (21) | 7,011 (57) |
| Lipid-lowering medication | 23,057 (9) | 12,680 (5.7) | 4,583 (15) | 227 (18) | 5,567 (60) | 29,535 (14) | 16,204 (10) | 4,664 (20) | 315 (18) | 8,352 (67) |
| . | Women . | Men . | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | All (n = 263,024) . | No diabetes (n = 221,592) . | Prediabetes (n = 30,939) . | Undiagnosed diabetes (n = 1,253) . | Previously diagnosed diabetes (n = 9,240) . | All (n = 208,375) . | No diabetes (n = 170,672) . | Prediabetes (n = 23,486) . | Undiagnosed diabetes (n = 1,801) . | Previously diagnosed diabetes (n = 12,416) . |
| General characteristics | ||||||||||
| Age (years) | 56.2 (8.0) | 55.6 (8.0) | 59.8 (6.6) | 58.9 (6.9) | 58.3 (7.7) | 56.3 (8.2) | 55.7 (8.3) | 58.6 (7.6) | 57.3 (7.8) | 59.4 (7.2) |
| Ethnicity | ||||||||||
| White | 247,983 (95) | 211,266 (96) | 27,885 (91) | 1,003 (81) | 7,829 (86) | 195,940 (95) | 162,750 (96) | 20,864 (90) | 1,519 (85) | 10,807 (88) |
| Nonwhite/mixed | 14,006 (5) | 9,569 (4) | 2,872 (9) | 235 (19) | 1,330 (15) | 11,271 (5) | 7,072 (4) | 2,433 (10) | 262 (15) | 1,504 (12) |
| SES | ||||||||||
| High | 177,791 (68) | 152,028 (69) | 19,949 (65) | 698 (56) | 5,116 (55) | 139,662 (67) | 116,866 (69) | 14,636 (62) | 993 (55) | 7,167 (58) |
| Low | 84,921 (32) | 69,310 (31) | 10,950 (35) | 553 (44) | 4,108 (45) | 68,441 (33) | 53,594 (31) | 8,813 (38) | 803 (45) | 5,231 (42) |
| Smoking | ||||||||||
| Never | 157,131 (60) | 133,337 (60) | 17,631 (57) | 728 (59) | 5,435 (59) | 104,685 (50) | 89,200 (52) | 9,666 (42) | 719 (40) | 5,100 (41) |
| Past | 81,592 (31) | 69,100 (31) | 9,184 (30) | 378 (31) | 2,930 (32) | 76,900 (37) | 61,270 (36) | 9,175 (39) | 755 (42) | 5,700 (46) |
| Current | 23,067 (9) | 18,222 (8) | 3,931 (13) | 131 (11) | 783 (9) | 25,752 (12) | 19,499 (11) | 4,452 (19) | 308 (17) | 1,493 (12) |
| Diabetes characteristics | ||||||||||
| Diabetes duration (years) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 8.4 (10.0) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 8.5 (10.1) |
| Median diabetes duration (years) (IQR) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 5 (2–10) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 5 (2–10) |
| Diabetes type 1^ | NA | NA | NA | NA | 500 (5) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 531 (4) |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.4 (0.5) | 5.3 (0.3) | 5.9 (0.2) | 7.4 (1.5) | 6.9 (1.3) | 5.5 (0.7) | 5.3 (0.3) | 5.9 (0.2) | 7.7 (1.6) | 7.0 (1.3) |
| Median HbA1c (%) (IQR) | 5.4 (5.1–5.6) | 5.3 (5.1–5.5) | 5.8 (5.8–6) | 6.9 (6.7–7.5) | 6.7 (6–7.5) | 5.4 (5.1–5.6) | 5.3 (5.1–5.5) | 5.9 (5.8–6) | 7.1 (6.7–8) | 6.7 (6.1–7.6) |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 35.7 (5.8) | 34.0 (3.0) | 41.0 (1.9) | 58.0 (16.7) | 51.8 (14.1) | 36.2 (7.1) | 33.9 (3.0) | 41.1 (2.0) | 60.8 (17.9) | 52.8 (13.9) |
| Median HbA1c (mmol/mol) (IQR) | 35.1 (32.7–37.6) | 34.4 (32.2–36.3) | 40.4 (39.5–41.9) | 51.8 (49.5–58.5) | 49.4 (42.0–58.5) | 35.1 (32.7–37.8) | 34.3 (32.1–36.2) | 40.5 (39.6–42.0) | 53.6 (49.9–64.3) | 50.1 (43.2–59.2) |
| Measurements | ||||||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27 (5.1) | 26.5 (4.8) | 28.8 (5.7) | 32.7 (6.3) | 31.8 (6.7) | 27.7 (4.2) | 27.3 (3.9) | 28.9 (4.6) | 31.4 (5.2) | 30.7 (5.3) |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 135.2 (19.2) | 134.3 (19.1) | 140.3 (19.1) | 146.74 (19.4) | 139.2 (17.7) | 141.1 (17.4) | 140.5 (17.3) | 143.9 (17.8) | 147.9 (18.1) | 142.6 (16.6) |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 80.8 (10) | 80.5 (10.0) | 82.4 (9.9) | 86.3 (10.2) | 80.9 (9.7) | 84.5 (9.9) | 84.4 (9.9) | 85.6 (9.9) | 88.8 (10.2) | 82.6 (9.4) |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.9 (1.1) | 5.9 (1.1) | 6.1 (1.2) | 6.1 (1.3) | 4.8 (1.1) | 5.6 (1.1) | 5.7 (1.0) | 5.6 (1.1) | 5.7 (1.2) | 4.4 (1.0) |
| Prescribed medication | ||||||||||
| Antidiabetic medication | ||||||||||
| Oral | NA | NA | NA | NA | 4,109 (73) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 6,045 (75) |
| Insulin | NA | NA | NA | NA | 834 (15) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1,015 (13) |
| Oral + insulin | NA | NA | NA | NA | 709 (13) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 959 (12) |
| Antihypertensive medication | 32,317 (12) | 21,483 (10) | 5,899 (19) | 281 (22) | 4,654 (50) | 32,553 (16) | 20,265 (12) | 4,893 (21) | 384 (21) | 7,011 (57) |
| Lipid-lowering medication | 23,057 (9) | 12,680 (5.7) | 4,583 (15) | 227 (18) | 5,567 (60) | 29,535 (14) | 16,204 (10) | 4,664 (20) | 315 (18) | 8,352 (67) |
Data are mean (SD) or n (%) unless otherwise indicated. BP, blood pressure; IQR, interquartile range; NA, not applicable.
Participants with self-reported diabetes onset before the age of 30 years and using insulin were considered to have type 1 diabetes. Because of missing data, not all variables included add up to n = 208,375 for men and n = 263,024 for women.