Aggregated data (across studies or centers) on COVID-19 severity in PWD*
| Study design . | Country . | Number of studies . | Number of participants . | Outcome measure . | Risk estimate . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Systematic review and meta-analysis (2) | Multiple | 8 | 3,076 | Risk of diabetes in severe patients compared with nonsevere patients | OR 2.07, 95% CI 0.89–4.82 |
| Systematic review and meta-analysis (63)** | Multiple | 9 | 2,103 | Risk of diabetes in severe patients compared with nonsevere patients | OR 2.67, 95% CI 1.91–3.7 |
| Systematic review and meta-analysis (4) | Multiple | 6 | 1,527 | Risk of diabetes in severe/ICU patients compared with nonsevere (non-ICU) patients | RR 2.21, 95% CI 0.88–5.57 |
| Meta-analysis (64) | China | 12 | 2,018 | Diabetes rate ratio among patients with more severe versus those with less severe infection | Rate ratio 2.26, 95% CI 1.47–3.49 |
| Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report (65) | China | n/a | 72,314 | Case fatality rate | 7.3% in PWD (compared with 2.3% overall) |
| U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report (5) | U.S. | n/a | 74,439 | Not hospitalized | PWD = 6% of all COVID-19 cases |
| Hospitalized, not in ICU | PWD = 24% of all COVID-19 cases | ||||
| Admitted to ICU | PWD = 32% of all COVID-19 cases | ||||
| Multicenter cohort study (66) | China | n/a | 191 | Risk of in-hospital death in PWD compared with those without (unadjusted) | OR 2.85, 95% CI 1.35–6.05 |
| Retrospective review (67) | China | n/a | 1,590 | Likelihood of reaching composite end point (admission to ICU, intensive ventilation, or death) in PWD compared with those without (age- and smoking status–adjusted) | HR 1.59, 95% CI 1.03–2.45 |
| Retrospective cohort study (15)** | U.K. | n/a | 17,425,445 (5,683 deaths attributed to COVID-19) | Risk of in-hospital death in PWD compared with those without (age-, sex-, and comorbidities-adjusted) | HbA1c <7.5% (58 mmol/mol); HR 1.50, 95% CI 1.40–1.60. HbA1c ≥7.5% (58 mmol/mol); 2.36 (2.18–2.56) |
| Population cohort study (12)** | U.K. | n/a | 61,414,470 (23,804 COVID-19–related deaths) | Risk of in-hospital death in PWD compared with those without (adjusted for age, sex, deprivation, ethnicity, geographical region) | Type 1 diabetes OR 3.50 (95% CI 3.15–3.89); type 2 diabetes OR 2.03 (95% CI 1.97–2.09) |
| Study design . | Country . | Number of studies . | Number of participants . | Outcome measure . | Risk estimate . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Systematic review and meta-analysis (2) | Multiple | 8 | 3,076 | Risk of diabetes in severe patients compared with nonsevere patients | OR 2.07, 95% CI 0.89–4.82 |
| Systematic review and meta-analysis (63)** | Multiple | 9 | 2,103 | Risk of diabetes in severe patients compared with nonsevere patients | OR 2.67, 95% CI 1.91–3.7 |
| Systematic review and meta-analysis (4) | Multiple | 6 | 1,527 | Risk of diabetes in severe/ICU patients compared with nonsevere (non-ICU) patients | RR 2.21, 95% CI 0.88–5.57 |
| Meta-analysis (64) | China | 12 | 2,018 | Diabetes rate ratio among patients with more severe versus those with less severe infection | Rate ratio 2.26, 95% CI 1.47–3.49 |
| Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report (65) | China | n/a | 72,314 | Case fatality rate | 7.3% in PWD (compared with 2.3% overall) |
| U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report (5) | U.S. | n/a | 74,439 | Not hospitalized | PWD = 6% of all COVID-19 cases |
| Hospitalized, not in ICU | PWD = 24% of all COVID-19 cases | ||||
| Admitted to ICU | PWD = 32% of all COVID-19 cases | ||||
| Multicenter cohort study (66) | China | n/a | 191 | Risk of in-hospital death in PWD compared with those without (unadjusted) | OR 2.85, 95% CI 1.35–6.05 |
| Retrospective review (67) | China | n/a | 1,590 | Likelihood of reaching composite end point (admission to ICU, intensive ventilation, or death) in PWD compared with those without (age- and smoking status–adjusted) | HR 1.59, 95% CI 1.03–2.45 |
| Retrospective cohort study (15)** | U.K. | n/a | 17,425,445 (5,683 deaths attributed to COVID-19) | Risk of in-hospital death in PWD compared with those without (age-, sex-, and comorbidities-adjusted) | HbA1c <7.5% (58 mmol/mol); HR 1.50, 95% CI 1.40–1.60. HbA1c ≥7.5% (58 mmol/mol); 2.36 (2.18–2.56) |
| Population cohort study (12)** | U.K. | n/a | 61,414,470 (23,804 COVID-19–related deaths) | Risk of in-hospital death in PWD compared with those without (adjusted for age, sex, deprivation, ethnicity, geographical region) | Type 1 diabetes OR 3.50 (95% CI 3.15–3.89); type 2 diabetes OR 2.03 (95% CI 1.97–2.09) |
HR, hazard ratio; OR, odds ratio; RR, risk ratio.
Definition of severe disease was often not clear; we report here what was reported in the primary literature. Many of the systematic reviews include overlapping studies and have issues with quality and reporting.
Preprint—methods and data have not been subject to peer review.