Selected descriptive demographic and comorbidity statistics at baseline (N = 402,043)
| Parameter . | Mean (SD) or n (%) . |
|---|---|
| Demographics | |
| Age at the start of the outcome period (years) | |
| 68–72 | 83,144 (20.7) |
| 73–76 | 98,120 (24.4) |
| 77–81 | 109,330 (27.2) |
| 82–105 | 111,449 (27.7) |
| Sex | |
| Male | 397,009 (98.8) |
| Female | 5,034 (1.3) |
| Race/ethnicity | |
| White | 346,909 (86.3) |
| Black | 43,065 (10.7) |
| Hispanic | 6,164 (1.5) |
| Asian | 1,431 (0.4) |
| Other | 4,474 (1.1) |
| Marital status | |
| Married | 274,368 (68.2) |
| Divorced/separated | 53,872 (13.4) |
| Widowed | 54,560 (13.6) |
| Other | 19,243 (4.8) |
| Years of follow-up | |
| Up to 2 years | 58,800 (14.6) |
| 2 to <4 years | 75,091 (18.7) |
| 4 to <6 years | 75,365 (18.8) |
| 6 to <8 years | 70,310 (17.5) |
| ≥8 years | 122,477 (30.5) |
| Clinical characteristics | |
| A1C during baseline | |
| % | 7.0 (1.0) |
| mmol/mol | 53 |
| A1C SD during baseline | 0.56 (0.5) |
| Number of A1C tests | 6.3 (2.4) |
| DCSI (highest score during the baseline period) | |
| 0 | 29,173 (7.3) |
| 1–2 | 103,321 (25.7) |
| 3–5 | 163,691 (40.7) |
| 6–8 | 87,483 (21.8) |
| ≥9 | 18,375 (4.6) |
| Average BMI during the baseline period (kg/m2) | |
| <18.5 | 647 (0.2) |
| 18.5–24.9 | 51,442 (12.8) |
| 25–29.9 | 152,662 (38.0) |
| 30–39.9 | 162,025 (40.3) |
| ≥40 | 17,962 (4.5) |
| Missing | 17,305 (4.3) |
| Cardiovascular comorbidities | |
| Cardiac arrhythmias | 169,215 (42.1) |
| Cardiovascular | 277,401 (69.0) |
| Cerebrovascular | 121,562 (30.2) |
| Congestive heart failure | 120,914 (30.1) |
| Hypertension | 385,495 (95.9) |
| Medicationsa | |
| Sulfonylureas | 214,792 (53.4) |
| Biguanides | 198,435 (49.4) |
| Insulin | 98,086 (24.4) |
| Thiazolidinediones | 63,362 (15.8) |
| α-Glucosidase inhibitors | 7,694 (1.9) |
| Other medicationb | 6,569 (1.6) |
| Adherence | |
| Any diabetes medications with proportion of days covered ≥80% | 228,430 (56.8) |
| Any diabetes medications with proportion of days covered <80% | 173,613 (43.2) |
| Parameter . | Mean (SD) or n (%) . |
|---|---|
| Demographics | |
| Age at the start of the outcome period (years) | |
| 68–72 | 83,144 (20.7) |
| 73–76 | 98,120 (24.4) |
| 77–81 | 109,330 (27.2) |
| 82–105 | 111,449 (27.7) |
| Sex | |
| Male | 397,009 (98.8) |
| Female | 5,034 (1.3) |
| Race/ethnicity | |
| White | 346,909 (86.3) |
| Black | 43,065 (10.7) |
| Hispanic | 6,164 (1.5) |
| Asian | 1,431 (0.4) |
| Other | 4,474 (1.1) |
| Marital status | |
| Married | 274,368 (68.2) |
| Divorced/separated | 53,872 (13.4) |
| Widowed | 54,560 (13.6) |
| Other | 19,243 (4.8) |
| Years of follow-up | |
| Up to 2 years | 58,800 (14.6) |
| 2 to <4 years | 75,091 (18.7) |
| 4 to <6 years | 75,365 (18.8) |
| 6 to <8 years | 70,310 (17.5) |
| ≥8 years | 122,477 (30.5) |
| Clinical characteristics | |
| A1C during baseline | |
| % | 7.0 (1.0) |
| mmol/mol | 53 |
| A1C SD during baseline | 0.56 (0.5) |
| Number of A1C tests | 6.3 (2.4) |
| DCSI (highest score during the baseline period) | |
| 0 | 29,173 (7.3) |
| 1–2 | 103,321 (25.7) |
| 3–5 | 163,691 (40.7) |
| 6–8 | 87,483 (21.8) |
| ≥9 | 18,375 (4.6) |
| Average BMI during the baseline period (kg/m2) | |
| <18.5 | 647 (0.2) |
| 18.5–24.9 | 51,442 (12.8) |
| 25–29.9 | 152,662 (38.0) |
| 30–39.9 | 162,025 (40.3) |
| ≥40 | 17,962 (4.5) |
| Missing | 17,305 (4.3) |
| Cardiovascular comorbidities | |
| Cardiac arrhythmias | 169,215 (42.1) |
| Cardiovascular | 277,401 (69.0) |
| Cerebrovascular | 121,562 (30.2) |
| Congestive heart failure | 120,914 (30.1) |
| Hypertension | 385,495 (95.9) |
| Medicationsa | |
| Sulfonylureas | 214,792 (53.4) |
| Biguanides | 198,435 (49.4) |
| Insulin | 98,086 (24.4) |
| Thiazolidinediones | 63,362 (15.8) |
| α-Glucosidase inhibitors | 7,694 (1.9) |
| Other medicationb | 6,569 (1.6) |
| Adherence | |
| Any diabetes medications with proportion of days covered ≥80% | 228,430 (56.8) |
| Any diabetes medications with proportion of days covered <80% | 173,613 (43.2) |
A1C data are means (SD); otherwise, data are presented as n (%).
All medications taken by a patient; hence, the percentage represents prevalence within each medication category.
Other medications include amylin analog, bile acid sequestrants, dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitor, dopamine receptor agonist, glucagon-like peptide, meglitinides, and sodium–glucose cotransporter inhibitor.