American Diabetes Association

Table 3—

Urinary α₁-microglobulin by duration, treatment, and control of diabetes

Variable	n	Geometric mean of α₁-microglobulin (mg/mmol urine creatinine)
Variable	n			Unadjusted	P	Adjusted^* (95% CI)	P
Duration
<10 years	389	1.17	0.02	1.19 (1.06–1.33)	0.07
≥10 years	201	1.47		1.43 (1.22–1.67)
Treatment
Diet only	67	0.84^†		0.86^† (0.66–1.08)
Oral medications only	501	1.32^†	0.01	1.36^† (1.20–1.46)	0.01
Insulin with and without oral medications	22	1.60		1.47 (0.90–2.30)
HbA_1c (%)
<7	239	1.04^†		1.05^† (0.83–1.09)
7 to <9	184	1.33^†	<0.01	1.33^† (1.13–1.55)	<0.01
≥9	159	1.71^†		1.90^† (1.59–2.25)
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l)
<6.7	102	1.10^†		0.87^† (0.70–1.08)
6.7 to <7.8	128	1.16	<0.01	1.14 (1.06–1.38)	<0.01
≥7.8	355	1.43^†		1.46^† (1.30–1.64)
2-h postprandial glucose (mmol/l)
<10.0	202	1.04^†		1.01^† (0.87–1.18)
10.0 to <11.1	50	1.46	<0.01	1.41 (1.03–1.92)	<0.01
≥11.1	175	1.59^†		1.63^† (1.40–1.96)

Variable	n	Geometric mean of α₁-microglobulin (mg/mmol urine creatinine)
Variable	n			Unadjusted	P	Adjusted^* (95% CI)	P
Duration
<10 years	389	1.17	0.02	1.19 (1.06–1.33)	0.07
≥10 years	201	1.47		1.43 (1.22–1.67)
Treatment
Diet only	67	0.84^†		0.86^† (0.66–1.08)
Oral medications only	501	1.32^†	0.01	1.36^† (1.20–1.46)	0.01
Insulin with and without oral medications	22	1.60		1.47 (0.90–2.30)
HbA_1c (%)
<7	239	1.04^†		1.05^† (0.83–1.09)
7 to <9	184	1.33^†	<0.01	1.33^† (1.13–1.55)	<0.01
≥9	159	1.71^†		1.90^† (1.59–2.25)
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l)
<6.7	102	1.10^†		0.87^† (0.70–1.08)
6.7 to <7.8	128	1.16	<0.01	1.14 (1.06–1.38)	<0.01
≥7.8	355	1.43^†		1.46^† (1.30–1.64)
2-h postprandial glucose (mmol/l)
<10.0	202	1.04^†		1.01^† (0.87–1.18)
10.0 to <11.1	50	1.46	<0.01	1.41 (1.03–1.92)	<0.01
≥11.1	175	1.59^†		1.63^† (1.40–1.96)

Adjusted for age, sex, ethnic group, and hypertension status by ANCOVA;

†

statistically significant between these subgroups by the Bonferroni’s test.