Biochemical and clinical variables at baseline and year 5 in patients followed by group care (n = 42) and in control subjects (n = 42).
| . | Baseline . | 5 years . | Increase/decrease . | P* . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Knowledge of diabetes (GISED score) | ||||
| Group care | 15.5 ± 7.9 | 27.9 ± 5.7 | 12.4 (9.7 to 15.2) | <0.001 |
| Control subjects | 21.4 ± 7.2 | 18.0 ± 8.5 | −3.4 (−1.1 to −5.7) | |
| Problem solving ability (CdR score) | ||||
| Group care | 11.4 ± 2.6 | 17.1 ± 2.4 | 5.7 (4.6 to 6.8) | <0.001 |
| Control subjects | 12.3 ± 4.2 | 10 ± 3.8 | −2.3 (−1.1 to −3.4) | |
| Quality of life (DQOL/Mod score) | ||||
| Group care | 67.4 ± 19.0 | 43.7 ± 7.2 | −23.7 (−30.0 to −17.3) | <0.001 |
| Control subjects | 70.0 ± 21.4 | 89.2 ± 30.1 | 19.2 (8.4 to 29.9) | |
| Body weight (kg) | ||||
| Group care | 79.6 ± 13.7 | 76.1 ± 12.9 | −3.5 (−5.2 to −1.8) | 0.015 |
| Control subjects | 77.5 ± 16.0 | 77.3 ± 16 | −0.24 (−1.9 to 1.5) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
| Group care | 30.0 ± 4.7 | 28.6 ± 4.1 | −1.4 (−2.0 to −0.7) | 0.067 |
| Control subjects | 27.7 ± 4.6 | 27.6 ± 4.4 | −0.10 (−0.7 to 0.5) | |
| Fasting blood glucose | ||||
| Group care | ||||
| mmol/l | 9.8 ± 2.6 | 9.4 ± 2.3 | −0.4 (−1.52 to 0.70) | NS |
| mg/dl | 177 ± 49 | 170 ± 42 | −7.3 (−27.4 to 12.7) | |
| Control subjects | ||||
| mmol/l | 9.9 ± 3.2 | 10.2 ± 2.9 | 0.3 (−0.99 to 1.51) | |
| mg/dl | 179 ± 57 | 184 ± 52 | 4.7 (−17.9 to 27.3) | |
| HbA1c (percentage of total Hb) [3.9–5.1] | ||||
| Group care | 7.4 ± 1.4 | 7.3 ± 1.0 | −0.1 (−0.5 to 0.4) | <0.001 |
| Control subjects | 7.4 ± 1.4 | 9.0 ± 1.6 | 1.7 (1.1 to 2.2) | |
| Creatinine | ||||
| Group care | ||||
| μmol/l [44.2–114.9] | 91.94 ± 14.14 | 75.14 ± 25.63 | −16.79 (−25.63 to −10.60) | NS |
| mg/dl [0.5–1.3] | 1.04 ± 0.16 | 0.85 ± 0.29 | −0.19 (−0.29 to −0.12) | |
| Control subjects | ||||
| μmol/l [44.2–114.9] | 91.05 ± 14.14 | 78.67 ± 47.73 | −12.37 (−26.52 to 2.65) | |
| mg/dl [0.5–1.3] | 1.03 ± 0.17 | 0.89 ± 0.54 | −0.14 (−0.3 to 0.03) | |
| Total cholesterol | ||||
| Group care | ||||
| mmol/l [2.59–6.21] | 5.84 ± 1.11 | 5.50 ± 1.06 | −0.32 (−0.68 to 0.03) | NS |
| mg/dl [100–240] | 225 ± 42 | 213 ± 41 | −12.6 (−26.3 to 1.0) | |
| Control subjects | ||||
| mmol/l [2.59–6.21] | 5.46 ± 0.93 | 5.27 ± 1.13 | −0.43 (−0.54 to 0.10) | |
| mg/dl [100–240] | 212 ± 35 | 204 ± 44 | −8.5 (−21.2 to 4.2) | |
| HDL cholesterol | ||||
| Group care | ||||
| mmol/l [0.90–1.68] | 1.27 ± 0.31 | 1.39 ± 0.33 | 0.14 (0.07 to 0.22) | NS |
| mg/dl [35–65] | 49 ± 12 | 54 ± 13 | 5.7 (2.7 to 8.7) | |
| Control subjects | ||||
| mmol/l [0.90–1.68] | 1.32 ± 0.31 | 1.42 ± 0.31 | 0.10 (−0.02 to 0.23) | |
| mg/dl [35–65] | 51 ± 12 | 55 ± 12 | 3.9 (−0.9 to 8.8) | |
| Triglyceride | ||||
| Group care | ||||
| mmol/l [0.56–1.98] | 2.54 (0.66–11.49) | 2.17 ± 2.30 | −0.48 (−1.15 to 0.20) | NS |
| mg/dl [50–175] | 235 ± 205 | 193 ± 204 | −42.3 (−102.0 to 17.9) | |
| Control subjects | ||||
| mmol/l [0.56–1.98] | 1.81 (0.51–5.22) | 1.52 ± 0.75 | −0.28 (−0.60 to 0.03) | |
| mg/dl [50–175] | 160 ± 88 | 135 ± 67 | −25.5 (−53.9 to 2.9) |
| . | Baseline . | 5 years . | Increase/decrease . | P* . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Knowledge of diabetes (GISED score) | ||||
| Group care | 15.5 ± 7.9 | 27.9 ± 5.7 | 12.4 (9.7 to 15.2) | <0.001 |
| Control subjects | 21.4 ± 7.2 | 18.0 ± 8.5 | −3.4 (−1.1 to −5.7) | |
| Problem solving ability (CdR score) | ||||
| Group care | 11.4 ± 2.6 | 17.1 ± 2.4 | 5.7 (4.6 to 6.8) | <0.001 |
| Control subjects | 12.3 ± 4.2 | 10 ± 3.8 | −2.3 (−1.1 to −3.4) | |
| Quality of life (DQOL/Mod score) | ||||
| Group care | 67.4 ± 19.0 | 43.7 ± 7.2 | −23.7 (−30.0 to −17.3) | <0.001 |
| Control subjects | 70.0 ± 21.4 | 89.2 ± 30.1 | 19.2 (8.4 to 29.9) | |
| Body weight (kg) | ||||
| Group care | 79.6 ± 13.7 | 76.1 ± 12.9 | −3.5 (−5.2 to −1.8) | 0.015 |
| Control subjects | 77.5 ± 16.0 | 77.3 ± 16 | −0.24 (−1.9 to 1.5) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
| Group care | 30.0 ± 4.7 | 28.6 ± 4.1 | −1.4 (−2.0 to −0.7) | 0.067 |
| Control subjects | 27.7 ± 4.6 | 27.6 ± 4.4 | −0.10 (−0.7 to 0.5) | |
| Fasting blood glucose | ||||
| Group care | ||||
| mmol/l | 9.8 ± 2.6 | 9.4 ± 2.3 | −0.4 (−1.52 to 0.70) | NS |
| mg/dl | 177 ± 49 | 170 ± 42 | −7.3 (−27.4 to 12.7) | |
| Control subjects | ||||
| mmol/l | 9.9 ± 3.2 | 10.2 ± 2.9 | 0.3 (−0.99 to 1.51) | |
| mg/dl | 179 ± 57 | 184 ± 52 | 4.7 (−17.9 to 27.3) | |
| HbA1c (percentage of total Hb) [3.9–5.1] | ||||
| Group care | 7.4 ± 1.4 | 7.3 ± 1.0 | −0.1 (−0.5 to 0.4) | <0.001 |
| Control subjects | 7.4 ± 1.4 | 9.0 ± 1.6 | 1.7 (1.1 to 2.2) | |
| Creatinine | ||||
| Group care | ||||
| μmol/l [44.2–114.9] | 91.94 ± 14.14 | 75.14 ± 25.63 | −16.79 (−25.63 to −10.60) | NS |
| mg/dl [0.5–1.3] | 1.04 ± 0.16 | 0.85 ± 0.29 | −0.19 (−0.29 to −0.12) | |
| Control subjects | ||||
| μmol/l [44.2–114.9] | 91.05 ± 14.14 | 78.67 ± 47.73 | −12.37 (−26.52 to 2.65) | |
| mg/dl [0.5–1.3] | 1.03 ± 0.17 | 0.89 ± 0.54 | −0.14 (−0.3 to 0.03) | |
| Total cholesterol | ||||
| Group care | ||||
| mmol/l [2.59–6.21] | 5.84 ± 1.11 | 5.50 ± 1.06 | −0.32 (−0.68 to 0.03) | NS |
| mg/dl [100–240] | 225 ± 42 | 213 ± 41 | −12.6 (−26.3 to 1.0) | |
| Control subjects | ||||
| mmol/l [2.59–6.21] | 5.46 ± 0.93 | 5.27 ± 1.13 | −0.43 (−0.54 to 0.10) | |
| mg/dl [100–240] | 212 ± 35 | 204 ± 44 | −8.5 (−21.2 to 4.2) | |
| HDL cholesterol | ||||
| Group care | ||||
| mmol/l [0.90–1.68] | 1.27 ± 0.31 | 1.39 ± 0.33 | 0.14 (0.07 to 0.22) | NS |
| mg/dl [35–65] | 49 ± 12 | 54 ± 13 | 5.7 (2.7 to 8.7) | |
| Control subjects | ||||
| mmol/l [0.90–1.68] | 1.32 ± 0.31 | 1.42 ± 0.31 | 0.10 (−0.02 to 0.23) | |
| mg/dl [35–65] | 51 ± 12 | 55 ± 12 | 3.9 (−0.9 to 8.8) | |
| Triglyceride | ||||
| Group care | ||||
| mmol/l [0.56–1.98] | 2.54 (0.66–11.49) | 2.17 ± 2.30 | −0.48 (−1.15 to 0.20) | NS |
| mg/dl [50–175] | 235 ± 205 | 193 ± 204 | −42.3 (−102.0 to 17.9) | |
| Control subjects | ||||
| mmol/l [0.56–1.98] | 1.81 (0.51–5.22) | 1.52 ± 0.75 | −0.28 (−0.60 to 0.03) | |
| mg/dl [50–175] | 160 ± 88 | 135 ± 67 | −25.5 (−53.9 to 2.9) |
Data are means ± SD or means (95% CI); values in square brackets refer to the normal reference ranges in the laboratory.
Difference between group care and control subjects.