Characteristics of case subjects (diabetic children with CD diagnosed using endomysial antibodies) and matched control subjects (diabetic children without CD)
| . | Case subjects . | Control subjects . |
|---|---|---|
| n | 130 | 245 |
| The Czech Republic (Prague) | 34 | 69 |
| Austria (Vienna) | 23 | 46 |
| Slovenia (Ljubljana) | 21 | 29 |
| Hungary (Pecs and Budapest) | 25 | 48 |
| Germany (Berlin and Hannover) | 18 | 35 |
| Portugal (Lisbon) | 5 | 9 |
| Slovakia (Kosice) | 4 | 9 |
| M:F ratio (n) | 72:58 | 134:111 |
| Ethnicity (n) | ||
| European Caucasian | 128 | 243 |
| Other (Asian) | 2 | 2 |
| Age at type 1 diabetes onset [median (interquartile range)] | 4.6 (2.8–8.2) | 4.6 (2.2–7.7) |
| Type 1 diabetes duration at study [median (interquartile range)] | 7.3 (4.3–11) | 6.9 (3.9–11) |
| Results of small bowel biopsy in case subjects | ||
| Results available | 114 (88%) | |
| Total or subtotal atrophy | 97 | |
| Increased intraepithelial lymphocytes | 13 | |
| Normal | 4 | |
| Results not available | 16 (12%) | |
| Biopsy not performed–typical symptoms present | 3 | |
| Biopsy refused by parents | 5 | |
| Unsuccessful biopsy | 2 | |
| Biopsy not indicated by physician | 6 |
| . | Case subjects . | Control subjects . |
|---|---|---|
| n | 130 | 245 |
| The Czech Republic (Prague) | 34 | 69 |
| Austria (Vienna) | 23 | 46 |
| Slovenia (Ljubljana) | 21 | 29 |
| Hungary (Pecs and Budapest) | 25 | 48 |
| Germany (Berlin and Hannover) | 18 | 35 |
| Portugal (Lisbon) | 5 | 9 |
| Slovakia (Kosice) | 4 | 9 |
| M:F ratio (n) | 72:58 | 134:111 |
| Ethnicity (n) | ||
| European Caucasian | 128 | 243 |
| Other (Asian) | 2 | 2 |
| Age at type 1 diabetes onset [median (interquartile range)] | 4.6 (2.8–8.2) | 4.6 (2.2–7.7) |
| Type 1 diabetes duration at study [median (interquartile range)] | 7.3 (4.3–11) | 6.9 (3.9–11) |
| Results of small bowel biopsy in case subjects | ||
| Results available | 114 (88%) | |
| Total or subtotal atrophy | 97 | |
| Increased intraepithelial lymphocytes | 13 | |
| Normal | 4 | |
| Results not available | 16 (12%) | |
| Biopsy not performed–typical symptoms present | 3 | |
| Biopsy refused by parents | 5 | |
| Unsuccessful biopsy | 2 | |
| Biopsy not indicated by physician | 6 |