American Diabetes Association

TABLE 1

Physical and metabolic characteristics of the study populations in the cross-sectional, prospective, and longitudinal analyses

	Baseline population			Prospective analysis
	Means ± SD	Range (min–max)	Non-progressors	Progressors	Baseline	Follow-up
n	451		307	63	224	224
Age (years)	30 ± 6	18–47	26 ± 6	27 ± 6	26 ± 6	30 ± 6
Body weight (kg)	98 ± 26	50–257	91 ± 23	99 ± 22^*	92 ± 23	98 ± 26^†
Body fat (%)	33 ± 8	9–53	30 ± 9	35 ± 7^†	31 ± 9	31 ± 11
WTR	1.68 ± 0.18	1.06–2.58	1.61 ± 0.16	1.65 ± 0.18	1.61 ± 0.15	1.67 ± 0.16^†
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l)	4.9 ± 0.6	2.8–7.1	4.8 ± 0.5	5.2 ± 0.5^†	4.9 ± 0.5	4.9 ± 0.6
2-h plasma glucose (mmol/l)	7.1 ± 1.8	3.1–10.9	5.9 ± 1.1	6.6 ± 0.8^†	5.9 ± 1.1	6.6 ± 1.6^†
Fasting plasma insulin (pmol/l)	254 ± 115	67–677	210 ± 102	250 ± 102^‡	210 ± 96	234 ± 114^†
M-low (mg · kg EMBS⁻¹ · min⁻¹)	2.57 ± 0.88	1.41–6.54	3.00 ± 1.27	2.39 ± 0.75^†	2.98 ± 1.33	2.72 ± 0.98^†
M-high (mg · kg EMBS⁻¹ · min⁻¹)	8.6 ± 2.1	2.4–13.7	9.4 ± 2.05	8.6 ± 1.9^‡	9.4 ± 2.0	8.9 ± 2.2^†
AIR (pmol/l)	1,416 ± 933	43–7,164	1,569 ± 1,042	1,307 ± 751^*	1,638 ± 1,026	1,542 ± 1,104^†
Basal endogenous glucose output (mg · kg EMBS⁻¹ · min⁻¹)	1.95 ± 0.24	1.32–2.59	1.90 ± 0.24	1.91 ± 0.27	1.90 ± 0.24	1.97 ± 0.24
HGO (mg · kg EMBS⁻¹ · min⁻¹)	0.42 ± 0.39	0–1.93	0.29 ± 0.34	0.40 ± 0.36^*	0.32 ± 0.36	0.43 ± 0.40^†
ALT (units/l)	45 ± 29	5–144	36 ± 25	39 ± 29	35 ± 26	41 ± 30^†
AST (units/l)	34 ± 18	11–103	32 ± 15	33 ± 15	32 ± 16	32 ± 19^†
GGT (units/l)	56 ± 39	8–245	49 ± 35	54.1 ± 38	44 ± 27	50 ± 31^†
ALKP (units/l)	111 ± 42	50–279	95 ± 42	101 ± 59	90 ± 45	109.1 ± 43^†
Bilirubin (μmol/l)	11 ± 5	2–34	12 ± 9	11 ± 4	7 ± 6	6 ± 3^†
Fasting plasma albumin (g/l)	40 ± 4	28–51	41 ± 4	39 ± 4^‡	41 ± 4	40 ± 4^†

	Baseline population			Prospective analysis
	Means ± SD	Range (min–max)	Non-progressors	Progressors	Baseline	Follow-up
n	451		307	63	224	224
Age (years)	30 ± 6	18–47	26 ± 6	27 ± 6	26 ± 6	30 ± 6
Body weight (kg)	98 ± 26	50–257	91 ± 23	99 ± 22^*	92 ± 23	98 ± 26^†
Body fat (%)	33 ± 8	9–53	30 ± 9	35 ± 7^†	31 ± 9	31 ± 11
WTR	1.68 ± 0.18	1.06–2.58	1.61 ± 0.16	1.65 ± 0.18	1.61 ± 0.15	1.67 ± 0.16^†
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l)	4.9 ± 0.6	2.8–7.1	4.8 ± 0.5	5.2 ± 0.5^†	4.9 ± 0.5	4.9 ± 0.6
2-h plasma glucose (mmol/l)	7.1 ± 1.8	3.1–10.9	5.9 ± 1.1	6.6 ± 0.8^†	5.9 ± 1.1	6.6 ± 1.6^†
Fasting plasma insulin (pmol/l)	254 ± 115	67–677	210 ± 102	250 ± 102^‡	210 ± 96	234 ± 114^†
M-low (mg · kg EMBS⁻¹ · min⁻¹)	2.57 ± 0.88	1.41–6.54	3.00 ± 1.27	2.39 ± 0.75^†	2.98 ± 1.33	2.72 ± 0.98^†
M-high (mg · kg EMBS⁻¹ · min⁻¹)	8.6 ± 2.1	2.4–13.7	9.4 ± 2.05	8.6 ± 1.9^‡	9.4 ± 2.0	8.9 ± 2.2^†
AIR (pmol/l)	1,416 ± 933	43–7,164	1,569 ± 1,042	1,307 ± 751^*	1,638 ± 1,026	1,542 ± 1,104^†
Basal endogenous glucose output (mg · kg EMBS⁻¹ · min⁻¹)	1.95 ± 0.24	1.32–2.59	1.90 ± 0.24	1.91 ± 0.27	1.90 ± 0.24	1.97 ± 0.24
HGO (mg · kg EMBS⁻¹ · min⁻¹)	0.42 ± 0.39	0–1.93	0.29 ± 0.34	0.40 ± 0.36^*	0.32 ± 0.36	0.43 ± 0.40^†
ALT (units/l)	45 ± 29	5–144	36 ± 25	39 ± 29	35 ± 26	41 ± 30^†
AST (units/l)	34 ± 18	11–103	32 ± 15	33 ± 15	32 ± 16	32 ± 19^†
GGT (units/l)	56 ± 39	8–245	49 ± 35	54.1 ± 38	44 ± 27	50 ± 31^†
ALKP (units/l)	111 ± 42	50–279	95 ± 42	101 ± 59	90 ± 45	109.1 ± 43^†
Bilirubin (μmol/l)	11 ± 5	2–34	12 ± 9	11 ± 4	7 ± 6	6 ± 3^†
Fasting plasma albumin (g/l)	40 ± 4	28–51	41 ± 4	39 ± 4^‡	41 ± 4	40 ± 4^†

Symbols indicate significant differences between progressors and nonprogressors in the prospective analysis (unpaired t test) and between baseline and follow-up variables (except for age) in the longitudinal analysis (paired t test).

P = 0.05;

†

P < 0.001;

‡

P < 0.01. ALKP, alkaline phosphatase; EMBS, estimated metabolic body size = fat free mass + 17.7 kg.

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