Baseline characteristics
| . | NMC . | KP . | TAMC . | JOS . | Total . | P . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 200 | 179 | 167 | 137 | 683 | |
| Male (%) | 44.5 | 57.5 | 53.9 | 54.7 | 52.3 | |
| Age (years) | 62.0 | 59.3 | 50.9 | 50.6 | 56.3 | < 0.001 |
| Ethnic background (%)* | < 0.001 | |||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 54.5 | 68.2 | 34.1 | 52.7 | ||
| African American | 13.0 | 9.5 | 17.4 | 13.2 | ||
| Hispanic | 5.0 | 11.2 | 4.8 | 7.0 | ||
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 22.0 | 5.6 | 31.7 | 19.6 | ||
| High school graduate (%) | 85.6 | 88.7 | 92.2 | 88.7 | ||
| Diabetes duration (years) | 12.5 | 15.3 | 10.5 | 12.8 | < 0.001 | |
| Medication use (%) | < 0.05 | |||||
| Insulin | 47.5 | 58.7 | 44.9 | 50.4 | ||
| Oral hypoglycemic agents only | 42.5 | 35.8 | 49.7 | 42.5 | ||
| Diet controlled (%) | 10.0 | 5.6 | 5.4 | 7.1 | ||
| HbA1c (%) | 8.7 | 7.6 | 10.4 | 8.2 | 8.8 | < 0.001 |
| CESD | 15.4 | 13.9 | 14.3 | 20.2 | 15.7 | < 0.001 |
| DDS (total score) | 31.7 | 36.1 | 39.3 | 50.6 | 38.5 | < 0.001 |
| Self-care | ||||||
| Meal planning† | 67.7 | 64.4 | 36.7 | — | 56.9 | < 0.001 |
| Exercise‡ | 2.6 | 2.8 | 3.0 | — | 2.8 | |
| SMBG§ | 70.7 | 77.7 | 69.9 | — | 72.7 |
| . | NMC . | KP . | TAMC . | JOS . | Total . | P . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 200 | 179 | 167 | 137 | 683 | |
| Male (%) | 44.5 | 57.5 | 53.9 | 54.7 | 52.3 | |
| Age (years) | 62.0 | 59.3 | 50.9 | 50.6 | 56.3 | < 0.001 |
| Ethnic background (%)* | < 0.001 | |||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 54.5 | 68.2 | 34.1 | 52.7 | ||
| African American | 13.0 | 9.5 | 17.4 | 13.2 | ||
| Hispanic | 5.0 | 11.2 | 4.8 | 7.0 | ||
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 22.0 | 5.6 | 31.7 | 19.6 | ||
| High school graduate (%) | 85.6 | 88.7 | 92.2 | 88.7 | ||
| Diabetes duration (years) | 12.5 | 15.3 | 10.5 | 12.8 | < 0.001 | |
| Medication use (%) | < 0.05 | |||||
| Insulin | 47.5 | 58.7 | 44.9 | 50.4 | ||
| Oral hypoglycemic agents only | 42.5 | 35.8 | 49.7 | 42.5 | ||
| Diet controlled (%) | 10.0 | 5.6 | 5.4 | 7.1 | ||
| HbA1c (%) | 8.7 | 7.6 | 10.4 | 8.2 | 8.8 | < 0.001 |
| CESD | 15.4 | 13.9 | 14.3 | 20.2 | 15.7 | < 0.001 |
| DDS (total score) | 31.7 | 36.1 | 39.3 | 50.6 | 38.5 | < 0.001 |
| Self-care | ||||||
| Meal planning† | 67.7 | 64.4 | 36.7 | — | 56.9 | < 0.001 |
| Exercise‡ | 2.6 | 2.8 | 3.0 | — | 2.8 | |
| SMBG§ | 70.7 | 77.7 | 69.9 | — | 72.7 |
Percentages do not sum to 100% because smaller ethnic groups (Hispanics and African Americans) were excluded from these analyses;
those following recommendations “always” or “usually” during the past 7 days;
number of days of exercise (20 min or more) during the past 7 days;
those reporting monitoring “every day” or “most days.”