Age-adjusted diabetes-related risk factors of 78,419 women without diabetes at baseline (1980) across ethnic groups
| . | Ethnic group . | . | . | . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | White* . | Asian . | Hispanic . | Black . | |||
| n | 75,584 | 801 | 613 | 1,421 | |||
| Age (years) | 45.7 | 45.9 | 46.2 | 46.1 | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.3 ± 4.4 | 22.7 ± 0.43† | 24.3 ± 4.0 | 26.0 ± 5.3† | |||
| Parental history of diabetes (%) | 17.1 | 21.1‡ | 21.4‡ | 17.7 | |||
| Moderate/vigorous exercise (h/week) | 4.0 ± 2.7 | 3.4 ± 3.7† | 3.8 ±4.2 | 3.4 ± 3.8† | |||
| Current smoker (%) | 28.2 | 14.6† | 15.1† | 25.9 | |||
| Hypertension (%) | 14.0 | 13.4 | 10.4‡ | 28.1† | |||
| Hypercholesterolemia (%) | 4.6 | 6.5‡ | 5.4 | 4.9 | |||
| Alcohol consumption (g/day) | 6.5 ± 10.4 | 2.6 ± 8.1† | 4.7 ± 14.6‡ | 4.3 ± 12.8 | |||
| Polyunsaturated fat (% energy) | 5.3 ± 1.56 | 5.0 ± 1.4† | 4.8 ± 0.2† | 5.1 ± 3.8† | |||
| Saturated fat (% energy) | 15.6 ±3.5 | 14.5 ± 3.9† | 15.2 ± 5.0‡ | 14.0 ± 3.8† | |||
| Polyunsaturated-to-saturated fat ratio | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.2† | 0.3 ± 0.02‡ | 0.4 ± 0.4† | |||
| Trans fat (% energy) | 2.2 ± 0.7 | 1.9 ± 0.6† | 2.0 ± 0.02† | 1.9 ± 0.4† | |||
| Total fat intake (% energy) | 39.0 ± 8.2 | 37.6 ± 9.3† | 37.9 ± 10.9‡ | 36.3 ± 9.8† | |||
| Cereal fiber (g/day) | 12.2 ± 4.5 | 11.0 ± 4.1 | 8.7 ± 2.2† | 7.4 ± 3.8† | |||
| Total crude fiber intake (g/day) | 53.5 ± 1.5 | 55.2 ± 1.7 | 73.7 ± 2.0† | 55.1 ± 1.8‡ | |||
| Glycemic load | 121 ± 35.3 | 132 ± 36.3† | 124 ± 49.5 | 137 ± 45.2† | |||
| Dietary score§ | 6.2 ± 2.7 | 6.4 ± 0.3‡ | 6.2 ± 2.5 | 6.1 ± 3.7 | |||
| Magnesium (mg/day) | 295 ± 69.9 | 282 ± 69.0† | 293 ± 71.5 | 271 ± 86.7† | |||
| Caffeine (mg/day) | 395 ± 302 | 345 ± 11.5† | 335 ± 379† | 269 ± 336† | |||
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 1,571 ± 492 | 1,617 ± 561‡ | 1,561 ± 698 | 1,578 ± 622 | |||
| . | Ethnic group . | . | . | . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | White* . | Asian . | Hispanic . | Black . | |||
| n | 75,584 | 801 | 613 | 1,421 | |||
| Age (years) | 45.7 | 45.9 | 46.2 | 46.1 | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.3 ± 4.4 | 22.7 ± 0.43† | 24.3 ± 4.0 | 26.0 ± 5.3† | |||
| Parental history of diabetes (%) | 17.1 | 21.1‡ | 21.4‡ | 17.7 | |||
| Moderate/vigorous exercise (h/week) | 4.0 ± 2.7 | 3.4 ± 3.7† | 3.8 ±4.2 | 3.4 ± 3.8† | |||
| Current smoker (%) | 28.2 | 14.6† | 15.1† | 25.9 | |||
| Hypertension (%) | 14.0 | 13.4 | 10.4‡ | 28.1† | |||
| Hypercholesterolemia (%) | 4.6 | 6.5‡ | 5.4 | 4.9 | |||
| Alcohol consumption (g/day) | 6.5 ± 10.4 | 2.6 ± 8.1† | 4.7 ± 14.6‡ | 4.3 ± 12.8 | |||
| Polyunsaturated fat (% energy) | 5.3 ± 1.56 | 5.0 ± 1.4† | 4.8 ± 0.2† | 5.1 ± 3.8† | |||
| Saturated fat (% energy) | 15.6 ±3.5 | 14.5 ± 3.9† | 15.2 ± 5.0‡ | 14.0 ± 3.8† | |||
| Polyunsaturated-to-saturated fat ratio | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.2† | 0.3 ± 0.02‡ | 0.4 ± 0.4† | |||
| Trans fat (% energy) | 2.2 ± 0.7 | 1.9 ± 0.6† | 2.0 ± 0.02† | 1.9 ± 0.4† | |||
| Total fat intake (% energy) | 39.0 ± 8.2 | 37.6 ± 9.3† | 37.9 ± 10.9‡ | 36.3 ± 9.8† | |||
| Cereal fiber (g/day) | 12.2 ± 4.5 | 11.0 ± 4.1 | 8.7 ± 2.2† | 7.4 ± 3.8† | |||
| Total crude fiber intake (g/day) | 53.5 ± 1.5 | 55.2 ± 1.7 | 73.7 ± 2.0† | 55.1 ± 1.8‡ | |||
| Glycemic load | 121 ± 35.3 | 132 ± 36.3† | 124 ± 49.5 | 137 ± 45.2† | |||
| Dietary score§ | 6.2 ± 2.7 | 6.4 ± 0.3‡ | 6.2 ± 2.5 | 6.1 ± 3.7 | |||
| Magnesium (mg/day) | 295 ± 69.9 | 282 ± 69.0† | 293 ± 71.5 | 271 ± 86.7† | |||
| Caffeine (mg/day) | 395 ± 302 | 345 ± 11.5† | 335 ± 379† | 269 ± 336† | |||
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 1,571 ± 492 | 1,617 ± 561‡ | 1,561 ± 698 | 1,578 ± 622 | |||
Data are means ± SD unless otherwise indicated.
Includes those with Southern European/Mediterranean ancestry, Scandinavian ancestry, and other Caucasian ancestry.
P < 0.05,
P < 0.0001 as compared with whites.
The dietary score is the sum of quintile values (0–4) for cereal fiber, ratio of polyunsaturated fat to saturated fat (ascending order), glycemic load, and trans fat (descending order). A higher score indicates a healthier diet.