RR of type 2 diabetes according to quintiles of sugar intake in the WHS stratified by BMI
| . | BMI <25 kg/m2 . | . | BMI ≥25 kg/m2 . | . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Case subjects/person-years . | Multivariate RR∗ (95% CI) . | Case subjects/person-years . | Multivariate RR∗ (95% CI) . | ||
| Total sugars | ||||||
| Q1 | 21/20,942 | 1.0 | 189/22,512 | 1.0 | ||
| Q2 | 25/21,664 | 1.18 (0.65–2014) | 158/22,030 | 0.91 (0.73–1.13) | ||
| Q3 | 20/22,926 | 0.84 (0.44–1.57) | 156/20,637 | 0.91 (0.73–1.13) | ||
| Q4 | 25/24,124 | 0.86 (0.46–1.59) | 136/19,676 | 0.94 (0.74–1.18) | ||
| Q5 | 26/24,877 | 0.86 (0.47–1.58) | 137/18,647 | 0.88 (0.70–1.11) | ||
| P for trend | — | P = 0.36 | — | P = 0.38 | ||
| Sucrose | ||||||
| Q1 (lowest) | 25/21,653 | 1.00 | 164/21,830 | 1.00 | ||
| Q2 | 19/22,322 | 0.69 (0.37–1.29) | 170/21,060 | 1.10 (0.88–1.35) | ||
| Q3 | 17/23,031 | 0.62 (0.33–1.16) | 157/20,648 | 1.02 (0.82–1.27) | ||
| Q4 | 28/23,230 | 0.87 (0.49–1.54) | 154/20,388 | 1.00 (0.81–1.26) | ||
| Q5 (highest) | 28/24,296 | 0.77 (0.44–1.36) | 131/19,579 | 0.87 (0.70–1.12) | ||
| P for trend | — | P = 0.70 | — | P = 0.25 | ||
| Fructose | ||||||
| Q1 | 24/20,493 | 1.00 | 178/23,135 | 1.00 | ||
| Q2 | 16/21,693 | 0.69 (0.36–1.31) | 167/21,930 | 1.05 (0.84–1.30) | ||
| Q3 | 25/23,097 | 1.04 (0.58–1.86) | 145/20,423 | 1.05 (0.84–1.32) | ||
| Q4 | 22/24,141 | 0.83 (0.45–1.0) | 149/19,499 | 1.09 (0.87–1.36) | ||
| Q5 | 30/25,107 | 0.90 (0.51–1.59) | 137/18,517 | 1.00 (0.79–1.26) | ||
| P for trend | P = 0.94 | P = 0.87 | ||||
| Glucose | ||||||
| Q1 | 22/20,562 | 1.00 | 176/23,142 | 1.00 | ||
| Q2 | 17/21,878 | 0.78 (0.41–1.49) | 170/21,696 | 1.13 (0.91–1.40) | ||
| Q3 | 27/23,017 | 1.15 (0.64–2.05) | 141/20,576 | 1.00 (0.80–1.26) | ||
| Q4 | 20/23,969 | 0.77 (0.41–1.45) | 143/19,696 | 1.02 (0.81–1.28) | ||
| Q5 | 31/25,105 | 1.04 (0.59–1.85) | 146/18,394 | 1.08 (0.86–1.35) | ||
| P for trend | P = 0.87 | P = 0.85 | ||||
| Lactose | ||||||
| Q1 | 31/23,175 | 1.00 | 161/20,510 | 1.00 | ||
| Q2 | 18/22,703 | 0.63 (0.35–1.13) | 178/20,833 | 1.17 (0.94–1.45) | ||
| Q3 | 27/22,946 | 0.87 (0.51–1.48) | 154/20,640 | 1.05 (0.83–1.31) | ||
| Q4 | 22/22,586 | 0.67 (0.38–1.18) | 131/21,172 | 0.88 (0.70–1.13) | ||
| Q5 | 19/23,122 | 0.60 (0.34–1.08) | 152/20,349 | 1.06 (0.84–1.33) | ||
| P for trend | — | P = 0.13 | — | P = 0.57 | ||
| Starch | ||||||
| Q1 | 25/22,759 | 1.0 | 170/20,604 | 1.0 | ||
| Q2 | 20/22,513 | 0.75 (0.42–1.37) | 155/21,367 | 0.96 (0.77–1.20) | ||
| Q3 | 20/22,288 | 0.91 (0.50–1.64) | 174/21,535 | 1.06 (0.85–1.32) | ||
| Q4 | 25/22,932 | 1.10 (0.63–1.92) | 157/20,665 | 1.03 (0.83–1.29) | ||
| Q5 | 27/24,039 | 1.03 (0.59–1.81) | 120/19,331 | 0.85 (0.67–1.08) | ||
| P for trend | — | P = 0.54 | — | P = 0.98 | ||
| . | BMI <25 kg/m2 . | . | BMI ≥25 kg/m2 . | . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Case subjects/person-years . | Multivariate RR∗ (95% CI) . | Case subjects/person-years . | Multivariate RR∗ (95% CI) . | ||
| Total sugars | ||||||
| Q1 | 21/20,942 | 1.0 | 189/22,512 | 1.0 | ||
| Q2 | 25/21,664 | 1.18 (0.65–2014) | 158/22,030 | 0.91 (0.73–1.13) | ||
| Q3 | 20/22,926 | 0.84 (0.44–1.57) | 156/20,637 | 0.91 (0.73–1.13) | ||
| Q4 | 25/24,124 | 0.86 (0.46–1.59) | 136/19,676 | 0.94 (0.74–1.18) | ||
| Q5 | 26/24,877 | 0.86 (0.47–1.58) | 137/18,647 | 0.88 (0.70–1.11) | ||
| P for trend | — | P = 0.36 | — | P = 0.38 | ||
| Sucrose | ||||||
| Q1 (lowest) | 25/21,653 | 1.00 | 164/21,830 | 1.00 | ||
| Q2 | 19/22,322 | 0.69 (0.37–1.29) | 170/21,060 | 1.10 (0.88–1.35) | ||
| Q3 | 17/23,031 | 0.62 (0.33–1.16) | 157/20,648 | 1.02 (0.82–1.27) | ||
| Q4 | 28/23,230 | 0.87 (0.49–1.54) | 154/20,388 | 1.00 (0.81–1.26) | ||
| Q5 (highest) | 28/24,296 | 0.77 (0.44–1.36) | 131/19,579 | 0.87 (0.70–1.12) | ||
| P for trend | — | P = 0.70 | — | P = 0.25 | ||
| Fructose | ||||||
| Q1 | 24/20,493 | 1.00 | 178/23,135 | 1.00 | ||
| Q2 | 16/21,693 | 0.69 (0.36–1.31) | 167/21,930 | 1.05 (0.84–1.30) | ||
| Q3 | 25/23,097 | 1.04 (0.58–1.86) | 145/20,423 | 1.05 (0.84–1.32) | ||
| Q4 | 22/24,141 | 0.83 (0.45–1.0) | 149/19,499 | 1.09 (0.87–1.36) | ||
| Q5 | 30/25,107 | 0.90 (0.51–1.59) | 137/18,517 | 1.00 (0.79–1.26) | ||
| P for trend | P = 0.94 | P = 0.87 | ||||
| Glucose | ||||||
| Q1 | 22/20,562 | 1.00 | 176/23,142 | 1.00 | ||
| Q2 | 17/21,878 | 0.78 (0.41–1.49) | 170/21,696 | 1.13 (0.91–1.40) | ||
| Q3 | 27/23,017 | 1.15 (0.64–2.05) | 141/20,576 | 1.00 (0.80–1.26) | ||
| Q4 | 20/23,969 | 0.77 (0.41–1.45) | 143/19,696 | 1.02 (0.81–1.28) | ||
| Q5 | 31/25,105 | 1.04 (0.59–1.85) | 146/18,394 | 1.08 (0.86–1.35) | ||
| P for trend | P = 0.87 | P = 0.85 | ||||
| Lactose | ||||||
| Q1 | 31/23,175 | 1.00 | 161/20,510 | 1.00 | ||
| Q2 | 18/22,703 | 0.63 (0.35–1.13) | 178/20,833 | 1.17 (0.94–1.45) | ||
| Q3 | 27/22,946 | 0.87 (0.51–1.48) | 154/20,640 | 1.05 (0.83–1.31) | ||
| Q4 | 22/22,586 | 0.67 (0.38–1.18) | 131/21,172 | 0.88 (0.70–1.13) | ||
| Q5 | 19/23,122 | 0.60 (0.34–1.08) | 152/20,349 | 1.06 (0.84–1.33) | ||
| P for trend | — | P = 0.13 | — | P = 0.57 | ||
| Starch | ||||||
| Q1 | 25/22,759 | 1.0 | 170/20,604 | 1.0 | ||
| Q2 | 20/22,513 | 0.75 (0.42–1.37) | 155/21,367 | 0.96 (0.77–1.20) | ||
| Q3 | 20/22,288 | 0.91 (0.50–1.64) | 174/21,535 | 1.06 (0.85–1.32) | ||
| Q4 | 25/22,932 | 1.10 (0.63–1.92) | 157/20,665 | 1.03 (0.83–1.29) | ||
| Q5 | 27/24,039 | 1.03 (0.59–1.81) | 120/19,331 | 0.85 (0.67–1.08) | ||
| P for trend | — | P = 0.54 | — | P = 0.98 | ||
Multivariate RR was adjusted for smoking, BMI, exercise, alcohol use, history of hypertension, high cholesterol, and family history of diabetes.