Effects of physical activity counseling on energy expenditure (METs per hour per week); body weight; BMI; waist circumference; FPG; HbA1c; systolic and diastolic blood pressure; resting heart rate; serum total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol; serum triglycerides; and 10-year CHD risk in 179 type 2 diabetic subjects divided into six groups on the basis of different amounts of energy expenditure
| . | Group 0 (n = 28) A . | . | Group 1–10 (n = 27) B . | . | Group 11–20 (n = 31) C . | . | Group 21–30 (n = 27) D . | . | Group 31–40 (n = 32) E . | . | Group >40 (n = 34) F . | . | Between-group comparisons . | . | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Basal . | Change . | Basal . | Change . | Basal . | Change . | Basal . | Change . | Basal . | Change . | Basal . | Change . | P . | Post hoc analysis . | |||||||
| Energy expenditure (METs · h-1 · week-1) | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.3 (0.0–1.1) | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 6.30 ± 0.4 (5.7–7.2)* | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 17.1 ± 0.4 (16–17.9) | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 27.0 ± 0.5 (25.9–28)† | 0.9 ± 0.4 | 37.5 ± 0.5 (36–38.5)† | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 58.3 ± 1.8 (54.3–62)† | 0.000 | All groups differ | |||||||
| Weight (kg) | 80.8 ± 2.0 | 0.8 ± 0.5 (−0.3 to 1.9) | 82.0 ± 2.6 | 0.6 ± 0.7 (−0.8 to 1.9) | 81.3 ± 2.9 | 0.1 ± 0.3 (−0.6 to 0.8) | 81.9 ± 2.2 | −2.2 ± 0.2 (−2.6 to −1.7)† | 83.1 ± 1.7 | −3.0 ± 0.3 (−3.6 to −2.4) | 79.8 ± 2.0 | −3.2 ± 0.3 (−3.7 to −2.7)† | 0.268 | — | |||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.5 ± 0.6 | 0.3 ± 0.2 (−0.1 to 0.7) | 29.1 ± 0.6 | 0.3 ± 0.3 (−0.3 to 0.8) | 28.9 ± 0.4 | 0.03 ± 0.1 (−0.2 to 0.3) | 29.3 ± 0.4 | −0.8 ± 0.1 (−0.9 to −0.6)† | 29.4 ± 0.5 | −1.0 ± 0.1 (−1.2 to −0.8)† | 29.7 ± 0.4 | −1.2 ± 0.1 (−1.4 to −1.0)† | 0.256 | — | |||||||
| Waist circumference (cm) | 97.3 ± 1.6 | 1.0 ± 0.7 (−0.5 to 2.5) | 99.7 ± 2.4 | 1.0 ± 0.9 (−0.8 to 2.9) | 100.6 ± 1.8 | −0.9 ± 0.4 (−1.7 to −0.1) | 100.0 ± 2.2 | −3.8 ± 0.3 (−4.4 to −3.1)† | 100.1 ± 1.8 | −5.5 ± 0.4 (−6.3 to −4.7)† | 97.3 ± 1.6 | −7.1 ± 0.5 (−8.1 to −6.2)† | 0.000 | ABC vs. F | |||||||
| FPG (mmol/l) | 9.1 ± 0.4 | 1.6 ± 2.9 (−7.5 to 4.3) | 9.4 ± 0.5 | −0.02 ± 0.3 (−0.6 to 0.6) | 9.2 ± 0.3 | −0.39 ± 0.2 (−0.8 to 0.1) | 9.1 ± 0.2 | −1.2 ± 0.2 (−1.7 to −0.7)† | 9.3 ± 0.3 | −1.6 ± 0.3 (−2.0 to −1.2)† | 8.8 ± 0.2 | −1.5 ± 0.1 (−1.8 to −1.3)† | 0.000 | A vs. F, B vs. DEF, C vs. EF | |||||||
| HbA1c (%) | 7.3 ± 0.2 | 0.03 ± 0.01 (−0.1 to 0.2) | 7.6 ± 0.3 | −0.06 ± 0.09 (−0.2 to 0.1) | 7.7 ± 0.2 | −0.4 ± 0.1 (−0.6 to −0.3)† | 7.6 ± 0.2 | −0.9 ± 0.07 (−1.0 to −0.7)† | 7.7 ± 0.2 | −1.1 ± 0.1 (−1.3 to −0.9)† | 7.6 ± 0.2 | −1.0 ± 0.1 (−1.2 to −0.9)† | 0.001 | B vs. EF | |||||||
| Maximum blood pressure (mmHg) | 147 ± 2 | −1.8 ± 0.9 (−3.6 to 0.1) | 145 ± 3 | −1.5 ± 0.9 (−3.3 to 0.3) | 143 ± 3 | −6.4 ± 2.4 (−11 to −1.5)* | 143 ± 3 | −5.6 ± 2.7 (−11 to −0.1)* | 142 ± 3 | −6.6 ± 1.0 (−8.6 to −4.4)† | 146 ± 3 | −9.1 ± 0.6 (−10.3 to −8)† | 0.061 | — | |||||||
| Minimum blood pressure (mmHg) | 91 ± 3 | −4.6 ± 2.5 (−9.8 to 0.6) | 87 ± 1 | −2.4 ± 0.9 (−4.3 to −0.5) | 85 ± 1 | −2.9 ± 1.6 (−4.6 to −1.2)† | 86 ± 1 | −4.8 ± 1.8 (−8.5 to −1.1)* | 84 ± 1 | −5.3 ± 0.7 (−6.8 to −3.9)* | 86 ± 1 | −7.1 ± 1.0 (−9.1 to −5.0)† | 0.000 | A vs. EF, B vs. EF | |||||||
| Heart rate (bpm) | 81 ± 1 | 1.1 ± 0.7 (−0.4 to 2.4) | 79 ± 2 | 0.5 ± 0.9 (−1.4 to 2.4) | 80 ± 1 | −0.9 ± 0.4 (−1.7 to −0.1) | 79 ± 2 | −3.8 ± 0.3 (−4.4 to −3.1)† | 79 ± 2 | −5.6 ± 0.4 (−6.3 to −4.7)† | 76 ± 2 | −7.0 ± 0.5 (−8.1 to −6.2)† | 0.000 | A vs. EF, B vs. F, C vs. F | |||||||
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 5.7 ± 0.1 | −0.1 ± 0.05 (−0.3 to 0.1) | 5.5 ± 0.1 | −0.1 ± 0.1 (−0.4 to 0.1) | 5.6 ± 0.2 | −0.3 ± 0.1 (−0.4 to −0.1)† | 5.4 ± 0.2 | −0.3 ± 0.1 (−0.4 to −0.2)† | 5.5 ± 0.1 | −0.2 ± 0.1 (−0.3 to −0.1)† | 5.6 ± 0.2 | −0.3 ± 0.1 (−0.4 to −0.2)† | 0.314 | — | |||||||
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 3.6 ± 0.1 | −0.1 ± 0.1 (−0.3 to 0.3) | 3.4 ± 0.2 | −0.2 ± 0.1 (−0.5 to 0.1) | 3.6 ± 0.2 | −0.1 ± 0.1 (−0.2 to 0.1) | 3.3 ± 0.2 | −0.1 ± 0.1 (−0.3 to −0.1)* | 3.4 ± 0.1 | −0.2 ± 0.1 (−0.3 to −0.1)* | 3.6 ± 0.2 | −0.2 ± 0.1 (−0.3 to −0.1)† | 0.376 | — | |||||||
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 (−0.1 to 0.1) | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 (−0.1 to 0.1) | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 (−0.1 to 0.2) | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 (0.1 to 0.2)† | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 (0.2 to 0.4)* | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 (0.1 to 0.2)† | 0.000 | ABC vs. EF | |||||||
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 (−0.1 to 0.2) | 2.2 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 (−0.1 to 0.2) | 2.4 ± 0.1 | −0.5 ± 0.1 (−0.7 to −0.2)† | 2.4 ± 0.1 | −0.6 ± 0.1 (−0.8 to −0.5) | 2.3 ± 0.1 | −0.6 ± 0.1 (−0.8 to −0.5)† | 2.2 ± 0.1 | −0.8 ± 0.1 (−0.9 to −0.6)† | 0.000 | AB vs. CDEF | |||||||
| 10-year CHD risk (%) | 24.4 ± 1.9 | 0.1 ± 0.3 (−0.6 to 0.7) | 21.3 ± 1.8 | −0.3 ± 0.5 (−1.2 to 0.6) | 22.5 ± 1.6 | −2.6 ± 0.6 (−3.9 to −1.3)† | 22.9 ± 1.7 | −3.7 ± 0.7 (−5.2 to −2.2)† | 24.6 ± 1.7 | −4.8 ± 1.0 (−6.8 to −2.8)† | 21.1 ± 1.5 | −4.3 ± 1.0 (−6.3 to −2.4)* | 0.000 | A vs. CDEF | |||||||
| . | Group 0 (n = 28) A . | . | Group 1–10 (n = 27) B . | . | Group 11–20 (n = 31) C . | . | Group 21–30 (n = 27) D . | . | Group 31–40 (n = 32) E . | . | Group >40 (n = 34) F . | . | Between-group comparisons . | . | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Basal . | Change . | Basal . | Change . | Basal . | Change . | Basal . | Change . | Basal . | Change . | Basal . | Change . | P . | Post hoc analysis . | |||||||
| Energy expenditure (METs · h-1 · week-1) | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.3 (0.0–1.1) | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 6.30 ± 0.4 (5.7–7.2)* | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 17.1 ± 0.4 (16–17.9) | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 27.0 ± 0.5 (25.9–28)† | 0.9 ± 0.4 | 37.5 ± 0.5 (36–38.5)† | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 58.3 ± 1.8 (54.3–62)† | 0.000 | All groups differ | |||||||
| Weight (kg) | 80.8 ± 2.0 | 0.8 ± 0.5 (−0.3 to 1.9) | 82.0 ± 2.6 | 0.6 ± 0.7 (−0.8 to 1.9) | 81.3 ± 2.9 | 0.1 ± 0.3 (−0.6 to 0.8) | 81.9 ± 2.2 | −2.2 ± 0.2 (−2.6 to −1.7)† | 83.1 ± 1.7 | −3.0 ± 0.3 (−3.6 to −2.4) | 79.8 ± 2.0 | −3.2 ± 0.3 (−3.7 to −2.7)† | 0.268 | — | |||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.5 ± 0.6 | 0.3 ± 0.2 (−0.1 to 0.7) | 29.1 ± 0.6 | 0.3 ± 0.3 (−0.3 to 0.8) | 28.9 ± 0.4 | 0.03 ± 0.1 (−0.2 to 0.3) | 29.3 ± 0.4 | −0.8 ± 0.1 (−0.9 to −0.6)† | 29.4 ± 0.5 | −1.0 ± 0.1 (−1.2 to −0.8)† | 29.7 ± 0.4 | −1.2 ± 0.1 (−1.4 to −1.0)† | 0.256 | — | |||||||
| Waist circumference (cm) | 97.3 ± 1.6 | 1.0 ± 0.7 (−0.5 to 2.5) | 99.7 ± 2.4 | 1.0 ± 0.9 (−0.8 to 2.9) | 100.6 ± 1.8 | −0.9 ± 0.4 (−1.7 to −0.1) | 100.0 ± 2.2 | −3.8 ± 0.3 (−4.4 to −3.1)† | 100.1 ± 1.8 | −5.5 ± 0.4 (−6.3 to −4.7)† | 97.3 ± 1.6 | −7.1 ± 0.5 (−8.1 to −6.2)† | 0.000 | ABC vs. F | |||||||
| FPG (mmol/l) | 9.1 ± 0.4 | 1.6 ± 2.9 (−7.5 to 4.3) | 9.4 ± 0.5 | −0.02 ± 0.3 (−0.6 to 0.6) | 9.2 ± 0.3 | −0.39 ± 0.2 (−0.8 to 0.1) | 9.1 ± 0.2 | −1.2 ± 0.2 (−1.7 to −0.7)† | 9.3 ± 0.3 | −1.6 ± 0.3 (−2.0 to −1.2)† | 8.8 ± 0.2 | −1.5 ± 0.1 (−1.8 to −1.3)† | 0.000 | A vs. F, B vs. DEF, C vs. EF | |||||||
| HbA1c (%) | 7.3 ± 0.2 | 0.03 ± 0.01 (−0.1 to 0.2) | 7.6 ± 0.3 | −0.06 ± 0.09 (−0.2 to 0.1) | 7.7 ± 0.2 | −0.4 ± 0.1 (−0.6 to −0.3)† | 7.6 ± 0.2 | −0.9 ± 0.07 (−1.0 to −0.7)† | 7.7 ± 0.2 | −1.1 ± 0.1 (−1.3 to −0.9)† | 7.6 ± 0.2 | −1.0 ± 0.1 (−1.2 to −0.9)† | 0.001 | B vs. EF | |||||||
| Maximum blood pressure (mmHg) | 147 ± 2 | −1.8 ± 0.9 (−3.6 to 0.1) | 145 ± 3 | −1.5 ± 0.9 (−3.3 to 0.3) | 143 ± 3 | −6.4 ± 2.4 (−11 to −1.5)* | 143 ± 3 | −5.6 ± 2.7 (−11 to −0.1)* | 142 ± 3 | −6.6 ± 1.0 (−8.6 to −4.4)† | 146 ± 3 | −9.1 ± 0.6 (−10.3 to −8)† | 0.061 | — | |||||||
| Minimum blood pressure (mmHg) | 91 ± 3 | −4.6 ± 2.5 (−9.8 to 0.6) | 87 ± 1 | −2.4 ± 0.9 (−4.3 to −0.5) | 85 ± 1 | −2.9 ± 1.6 (−4.6 to −1.2)† | 86 ± 1 | −4.8 ± 1.8 (−8.5 to −1.1)* | 84 ± 1 | −5.3 ± 0.7 (−6.8 to −3.9)* | 86 ± 1 | −7.1 ± 1.0 (−9.1 to −5.0)† | 0.000 | A vs. EF, B vs. EF | |||||||
| Heart rate (bpm) | 81 ± 1 | 1.1 ± 0.7 (−0.4 to 2.4) | 79 ± 2 | 0.5 ± 0.9 (−1.4 to 2.4) | 80 ± 1 | −0.9 ± 0.4 (−1.7 to −0.1) | 79 ± 2 | −3.8 ± 0.3 (−4.4 to −3.1)† | 79 ± 2 | −5.6 ± 0.4 (−6.3 to −4.7)† | 76 ± 2 | −7.0 ± 0.5 (−8.1 to −6.2)† | 0.000 | A vs. EF, B vs. F, C vs. F | |||||||
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 5.7 ± 0.1 | −0.1 ± 0.05 (−0.3 to 0.1) | 5.5 ± 0.1 | −0.1 ± 0.1 (−0.4 to 0.1) | 5.6 ± 0.2 | −0.3 ± 0.1 (−0.4 to −0.1)† | 5.4 ± 0.2 | −0.3 ± 0.1 (−0.4 to −0.2)† | 5.5 ± 0.1 | −0.2 ± 0.1 (−0.3 to −0.1)† | 5.6 ± 0.2 | −0.3 ± 0.1 (−0.4 to −0.2)† | 0.314 | — | |||||||
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 3.6 ± 0.1 | −0.1 ± 0.1 (−0.3 to 0.3) | 3.4 ± 0.2 | −0.2 ± 0.1 (−0.5 to 0.1) | 3.6 ± 0.2 | −0.1 ± 0.1 (−0.2 to 0.1) | 3.3 ± 0.2 | −0.1 ± 0.1 (−0.3 to −0.1)* | 3.4 ± 0.1 | −0.2 ± 0.1 (−0.3 to −0.1)* | 3.6 ± 0.2 | −0.2 ± 0.1 (−0.3 to −0.1)† | 0.376 | — | |||||||
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 (−0.1 to 0.1) | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 (−0.1 to 0.1) | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 (−0.1 to 0.2) | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 (0.1 to 0.2)† | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 (0.2 to 0.4)* | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 (0.1 to 0.2)† | 0.000 | ABC vs. EF | |||||||
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 (−0.1 to 0.2) | 2.2 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 (−0.1 to 0.2) | 2.4 ± 0.1 | −0.5 ± 0.1 (−0.7 to −0.2)† | 2.4 ± 0.1 | −0.6 ± 0.1 (−0.8 to −0.5) | 2.3 ± 0.1 | −0.6 ± 0.1 (−0.8 to −0.5)† | 2.2 ± 0.1 | −0.8 ± 0.1 (−0.9 to −0.6)† | 0.000 | AB vs. CDEF | |||||||
| 10-year CHD risk (%) | 24.4 ± 1.9 | 0.1 ± 0.3 (−0.6 to 0.7) | 21.3 ± 1.8 | −0.3 ± 0.5 (−1.2 to 0.6) | 22.5 ± 1.6 | −2.6 ± 0.6 (−3.9 to −1.3)† | 22.9 ± 1.7 | −3.7 ± 0.7 (−5.2 to −2.2)† | 24.6 ± 1.7 | −4.8 ± 1.0 (−6.8 to −2.8)† | 21.1 ± 1.5 | −4.3 ± 1.0 (−6.3 to −2.4)* | 0.000 | A vs. CDEF | |||||||
Data are means ± SE and means (95% CI).
P < 0.05,
P < 0.01 vs. basal. Between-group comparisons are reported in the last two columns. Significant differences are followed by post hoc results (e.g., ABC vs. F means that groups A, B, and C are not different from each other but they are all different compared with group F).