American Diabetes Association

Table 3—

Effects of physical activity counseling on costs for medical prescriptions, other direct health system costs, direct and indirect social costs, and total costs in 179 type 2 diabetic subjects with different amounts of energy expenditure (METs per hour per week)

	Drugs			Other health care			Direct social			Indirect social
		Basal	Change	Basal	Change	Basal	Change	Basal	Change	Basal	Change
Group 0 (n = 28) A	1,173 ± 44	393 (111 ± 675)^*	1,456 ± 77	123 (−25 ± 271)	14 ± 1.0	10 (−6 ± 26)	1,444 ± 90	302 (51 ± 553)^*	4,253 ± 289	828 (224 ± 1,432)^*
Group 1–10 (n = 28) B	1,207 ± 52	206 (−34 ± 446)	1,541 ± 67	−7 (−15 ± 1)	12 ± 0.8	50^* (9 ± 91)	1,356 ± 105	−24 (−71 ± 23)	4,116 ± 311	224 (−29 ± 477)
Group 11–20 (n = 28) C	1,087 ± 43	−196 (−342 ± −50)^*	1,384 ± 86	−92 (−191 ± 7)	15 ± 1.2	152 (41 ± 263)^*	1,281 ± 68	−250 (−438 ± −62)^*	3,767 ± 235	−386 (−663 ± −109)^*
Group 21–30 (n = 28) D	1,085 ± 39	−593 (−1,025 ± −161)^*	1,414 ± 59	−296 (−518 ± −74)^*	11 ± 0.7	199 (48 ± 350)^*	1,491 ± 93	−762 (−1,394 ± −130)^*	4,001 ± 280	−1,452 (−2,364 ± −540)^*
Group 31–40 (n = 28) E	1,177 ± 56	−660 (−1,078 ± −242)^*	1,543 ± 73	−588 (−1,011 ± −165)^*	16 ± 1.2	256 (88 ± 424)^*	1,434 ± 73	−909 (−1,551 ± −267)^*	4,169 ± 228	−1,902 (−3,217 ± −587)^*
Group >40 (n = 28) F	1,087 ± 45	−579 (−905 ± −253)^*	1,645 ± 84	−794 (−1,241 ± −347)^*	14 ± 0.9	300 (83 ± 517)^*	1,468 ± 80	−997 (−1,601 ± −393)^*	4,214 ± 247	−2,070 (−3,325 ± −815)^*
All 179 subjects	1,134 ± 55	−259 (−422 ± −96)^*	1,528 ± 73	−298 (−521 ± −75)^*	14 ± 1.3	168 (41 ± −269)^*	1,412 ± 78	−466 (−809 ± −123)^*	4,087 ± 235	−855 (−1,520 ± −190)^*
50% simulation	1,177 ± 63	−101 (−180 ± −6)^*	1,580 ± 75	−207 (−362 ± −52)^*	14 ± 1	133 (30 ± 236)^*	1,440 ± 82	−303 (−539 ± −67)^*	4,210 ± 266	−478 (−817 ± −139)^*
33% simulation	1,175 ± 71	77 (−41 ± 195)	1,571 ± 79	−91 (−200 ± 18)	13 ± 1.1	87 (9 ± 165)^*	1,411 ± 82	−106 (−191 ± −21)^*	4,170 ± 246	−34 (−80 ± 12)
Between-group comparisons P		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001
Post hoc analysis		A vs. CDEF, B vs. CDEF, C vs. E		ABC vs. DEF, D vs. F		AB vs. F, A vs. E		AB vs. DEF, C vs. EF		AB vs. DEF, C vs. EF

	Drugs			Other health care			Direct social			Indirect social
		Basal	Change	Basal	Change	Basal	Change	Basal	Change	Basal	Change
Group 0 (n = 28) A	1,173 ± 44	393 (111 ± 675)^*	1,456 ± 77	123 (−25 ± 271)	14 ± 1.0	10 (−6 ± 26)	1,444 ± 90	302 (51 ± 553)^*	4,253 ± 289	828 (224 ± 1,432)^*
Group 1–10 (n = 28) B	1,207 ± 52	206 (−34 ± 446)	1,541 ± 67	−7 (−15 ± 1)	12 ± 0.8	50^* (9 ± 91)	1,356 ± 105	−24 (−71 ± 23)	4,116 ± 311	224 (−29 ± 477)
Group 11–20 (n = 28) C	1,087 ± 43	−196 (−342 ± −50)^*	1,384 ± 86	−92 (−191 ± 7)	15 ± 1.2	152 (41 ± 263)^*	1,281 ± 68	−250 (−438 ± −62)^*	3,767 ± 235	−386 (−663 ± −109)^*
Group 21–30 (n = 28) D	1,085 ± 39	−593 (−1,025 ± −161)^*	1,414 ± 59	−296 (−518 ± −74)^*	11 ± 0.7	199 (48 ± 350)^*	1,491 ± 93	−762 (−1,394 ± −130)^*	4,001 ± 280	−1,452 (−2,364 ± −540)^*
Group 31–40 (n = 28) E	1,177 ± 56	−660 (−1,078 ± −242)^*	1,543 ± 73	−588 (−1,011 ± −165)^*	16 ± 1.2	256 (88 ± 424)^*	1,434 ± 73	−909 (−1,551 ± −267)^*	4,169 ± 228	−1,902 (−3,217 ± −587)^*
Group >40 (n = 28) F	1,087 ± 45	−579 (−905 ± −253)^*	1,645 ± 84	−794 (−1,241 ± −347)^*	14 ± 0.9	300 (83 ± 517)^*	1,468 ± 80	−997 (−1,601 ± −393)^*	4,214 ± 247	−2,070 (−3,325 ± −815)^*
All 179 subjects	1,134 ± 55	−259 (−422 ± −96)^*	1,528 ± 73	−298 (−521 ± −75)^*	14 ± 1.3	168 (41 ± −269)^*	1,412 ± 78	−466 (−809 ± −123)^*	4,087 ± 235	−855 (−1,520 ± −190)^*
50% simulation	1,177 ± 63	−101 (−180 ± −6)^*	1,580 ± 75	−207 (−362 ± −52)^*	14 ± 1	133 (30 ± 236)^*	1,440 ± 82	−303 (−539 ± −67)^*	4,210 ± 266	−478 (−817 ± −139)^*
33% simulation	1,175 ± 71	77 (−41 ± 195)	1,571 ± 79	−91 (−200 ± 18)	13 ± 1.1	87 (9 ± 165)^*	1,411 ± 82	−106 (−191 ± −21)^*	4,170 ± 246	−34 (−80 ± 12)
Between-group comparisons P		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001
Post hoc analysis		A vs. CDEF, B vs. CDEF, C vs. E		ABC vs. DEF, D vs. F		AB vs. F, A vs. E		AB vs. DEF, C vs. EF		AB vs. DEF, C vs. EF

Data are means ± SE and means (95% CI). Sensitive analysis assumes that instead of 125 of 179 (69%) only 90 of 179 (50%) or 60 of 179 (33%) diabetic subjects achieved the target of the intervention (>10 METs · h⁻¹ · week⁻¹).

P < 0.05 vs. basal, costs in U.S. dollars per capita per year. Between-group comparisons are reported in the last two rows. Significant differences are then followed by post hoc results (e.g., A vs. CDEF means that group A is different from groups C–F; CDEF are not different from each other).

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