American Diabetes Association

Table 2—

Demographic and clinical characteristics of veterans with diabetes and renal disease

Characteristic	Caucasians (n = 26,212; 58.7%)	African Americans (n = 9,699; 22.7%)	Hispanic (n = 2,716; 6.1%)	Asian (n = 263; 0.6%)	Native American (n = 222; 0.5%)	Other (n = 4,650; 10.4%)
Age (years)	67.5 ± 10.0	65.1 ± 11.2^*	66.1 ± 10.2^*	66.4 ± 12.9	61.2 ± 10.7^*	65.6 ± 11.0^*
Male	98.3	98.6^*	99.1^*	99.3	96.8	98.3
Region
Northeast	20.0	21.1^†	8.0^*	5.6^*	5.9^*	19.8^*
South	35.3	45.7	55.4	5.6	25.7	33.2
Midwest	25.0	21.6	4.5	3.7	28.8	23.7
West	19.7	11.7	32.1	85.1	39.6	23.3
Non-service connected	56.2	63.0^*	63.1^*	36.9^*	54.5	61.6^*
Number of service connected disabilities	2.3 ± 2.3	2.0 ± 2.2	1.8 ± 2.3^*	3.9 ± 2.6^*	2.2 ± 2.4	2.5 ± 2.4^*
Health care delivery
Hospitalizations (number)	2.0 ± 1.4	1.9 ± 1.4^*	1.9 ± 1.3^†	2.1 ± 1.4	2.1 ± 1.5	1.4 ± 0.7^*
Hospitalizations (days)	16.9 ± 106.9	18.7 ± 93.0	17.0 ± 23.3	13.0 ± 20.0	13.0 ± 19.9	16.5 ± 71.7
Total number of visits	26.4 ± 23.7	32.3 ± 35.0^*	28.0 ± 27.9^*	34.6 ± 36.3	27.9 ± 27.8	15.8 ± 14.4^*
Eye examination	54.1	53.6	49.5^*	58.6	50.5	45.6^*
Seen by general practitioner	71.4	69.9	77.3^†	76.3	64.1	73.0
Seen by diabetes educator	34.6	36.6	27.1^†	23.6	38.5	32.8
Comorbid conditions
Cardiovascular disease	65.4	51.6^*	52.7	56.0^*	51.8^*	44.0^*
Stroke	13.8	12.8^†	13.1	14.2	9.9	5.9^*
Hypertension	80.4	88.2^*	81.5	80.2	74.8^†	77.2^*
COPD	26.2	18.1^*	11.3^*	14.6^*	18.0^†	12.3^*
Renal disease
Diabetic ESRD	36.2	46.8^†	46.4^†	52.6^*	47.3^*	37.6^*
Diabetic nephropathy^‡	18.0	15.7	13.7	11.6	21.2	17.1
Hypertension	3.0	3.8	1.7	2.6	1.4	2.3
Acute renal failure	4.4	4.8	4.5	4.5	5.4	2.2
Eye disease
Background retinopathy	17.5	17.6	19.0^†	19.4	18.9	12.7^*
Eye manifestations of diabetes	16.2	16.5	15.1	19.8	21.2^†	11.6^*
Blindness	5.0	6.1^*	7.4^*	5.6	6.3	3.3^*
Retinal detachment	1.3	1.8^*	1.8^†	3.4^†	1.4	0.8^†
Unadjusted mortality	18.1	15.9^*	17.2	16.4	19.4	6.5^*

Characteristic	Caucasians (n = 26,212; 58.7%)	African Americans (n = 9,699; 22.7%)	Hispanic (n = 2,716; 6.1%)	Asian (n = 263; 0.6%)	Native American (n = 222; 0.5%)	Other (n = 4,650; 10.4%)
Age (years)	67.5 ± 10.0	65.1 ± 11.2^*	66.1 ± 10.2^*	66.4 ± 12.9	61.2 ± 10.7^*	65.6 ± 11.0^*
Male	98.3	98.6^*	99.1^*	99.3	96.8	98.3
Region
Northeast	20.0	21.1^†	8.0^*	5.6^*	5.9^*	19.8^*
South	35.3	45.7	55.4	5.6	25.7	33.2
Midwest	25.0	21.6	4.5	3.7	28.8	23.7
West	19.7	11.7	32.1	85.1	39.6	23.3
Non-service connected	56.2	63.0^*	63.1^*	36.9^*	54.5	61.6^*
Number of service connected disabilities	2.3 ± 2.3	2.0 ± 2.2	1.8 ± 2.3^*	3.9 ± 2.6^*	2.2 ± 2.4	2.5 ± 2.4^*
Health care delivery
Hospitalizations (number)	2.0 ± 1.4	1.9 ± 1.4^*	1.9 ± 1.3^†	2.1 ± 1.4	2.1 ± 1.5	1.4 ± 0.7^*
Hospitalizations (days)	16.9 ± 106.9	18.7 ± 93.0	17.0 ± 23.3	13.0 ± 20.0	13.0 ± 19.9	16.5 ± 71.7
Total number of visits	26.4 ± 23.7	32.3 ± 35.0^*	28.0 ± 27.9^*	34.6 ± 36.3	27.9 ± 27.8	15.8 ± 14.4^*
Eye examination	54.1	53.6	49.5^*	58.6	50.5	45.6^*
Seen by general practitioner	71.4	69.9	77.3^†	76.3	64.1	73.0
Seen by diabetes educator	34.6	36.6	27.1^†	23.6	38.5	32.8
Comorbid conditions
Cardiovascular disease	65.4	51.6^*	52.7	56.0^*	51.8^*	44.0^*
Stroke	13.8	12.8^†	13.1	14.2	9.9	5.9^*
Hypertension	80.4	88.2^*	81.5	80.2	74.8^†	77.2^*
COPD	26.2	18.1^*	11.3^*	14.6^*	18.0^†	12.3^*
Renal disease
Diabetic ESRD	36.2	46.8^†	46.4^†	52.6^*	47.3^*	37.6^*
Diabetic nephropathy^‡	18.0	15.7	13.7	11.6	21.2	17.1
Hypertension	3.0	3.8	1.7	2.6	1.4	2.3
Acute renal failure	4.4	4.8	4.5	4.5	5.4	2.2
Eye disease
Background retinopathy	17.5	17.6	19.0^†	19.4	18.9	12.7^*
Eye manifestations of diabetes	16.2	16.5	15.1	19.8	21.2^†	11.6^*
Blindness	5.0	6.1^*	7.4^*	5.6	6.3	3.3^*
Retinal detachment	1.3	1.8^*	1.8^†	3.4^†	1.4	0.8^†
Unadjusted mortality	18.1	15.9^*	17.2	16.4	19.4	6.5^*

Data are means ± SD or %.

P < 0.01;

†

P < 0.05 Caucasian compared with the specific minority group;

‡

patients with diabetic nephropathy not yet on dialysis. χ² test for categorical variables, independent t test for continuous data.

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