Characteristics of participants with type 1 diabetes
| . | No retinopathy . | Background retinopathy . | P . |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 46 | 25 | |
| Age (years) | 26.4 ± 4.6 (26, 20–36) | 31.5 ± 6.0 (32, 21–44) | 0.23 |
| Sex (male: female) | 23:23 | 14:11 | 0.63 |
| Secondary education (years) | 6.9 ± 2.3 (6, 4–11) | 7.3 ± 2.4 (8, 4–11) | 0.95 |
| NART (premorbid cognitive ability) | 31.9 ± 6.0 (32, 15–42) | 32.5 ± 6.6 (33, 16–41) | 0.94 |
| HbA1c at time of study (5.0–6.5%) | 8.4 ± 1.2 | 8.9 ± 1.3 | 0.83 |
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | 123/73 ± 14/10 | 121/74 ± 12/11 | 0.56 |
| Age at diagnosis of T1DM (years) | 9.5 ± 4.4 (9, 1–16) | 9.9 ± 4.0 (10, 1–17) | 0.67 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 17.0 ± 4.6 (16, 10–30) | 21.6 ± 5.9 (22, 10–31) | 0.052 |
| Severe hypoglycemia | |||
| Total lifetime episodes | 6.0 (0–200) | 4.0 (0–45) | 0.86 |
| 1st Tertile | 0.0 (0–0) | 0.0 (0–0) | — |
| 2nd Tertile | 5.0 (1–10) | 4.0 (1–10) | 0.68 |
| 3rd Tertile | 26.5 (11–200) | 24.0 (12–45) | 0.67 |
| . | No retinopathy . | Background retinopathy . | P . |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 46 | 25 | |
| Age (years) | 26.4 ± 4.6 (26, 20–36) | 31.5 ± 6.0 (32, 21–44) | 0.23 |
| Sex (male: female) | 23:23 | 14:11 | 0.63 |
| Secondary education (years) | 6.9 ± 2.3 (6, 4–11) | 7.3 ± 2.4 (8, 4–11) | 0.95 |
| NART (premorbid cognitive ability) | 31.9 ± 6.0 (32, 15–42) | 32.5 ± 6.6 (33, 16–41) | 0.94 |
| HbA1c at time of study (5.0–6.5%) | 8.4 ± 1.2 | 8.9 ± 1.3 | 0.83 |
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | 123/73 ± 14/10 | 121/74 ± 12/11 | 0.56 |
| Age at diagnosis of T1DM (years) | 9.5 ± 4.4 (9, 1–16) | 9.9 ± 4.0 (10, 1–17) | 0.67 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 17.0 ± 4.6 (16, 10–30) | 21.6 ± 5.9 (22, 10–31) | 0.052 |
| Severe hypoglycemia | |||
| Total lifetime episodes | 6.0 (0–200) | 4.0 (0–45) | 0.86 |
| 1st Tertile | 0.0 (0–0) | 0.0 (0–0) | — |
| 2nd Tertile | 5.0 (1–10) | 4.0 (1–10) | 0.68 |
| 3rd Tertile | 26.5 (11–200) | 24.0 (12–45) | 0.67 |
Data are means ± SD (median, range). T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus. HbA1c: nondiabetic range 5.0–6.5% (by high-performance liquid chromatography).