Characteristics of 921 participants with diabetes, the MESA
| . | No retinopathy . | Diabetic retinopathy . | P* . |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 643 | 278 | |
| Sex (male) | 51.9 | 52.1 | 0.96 |
| Race | 0.01 | ||
| White | 24.6 | 16.2 | |
| African American | 33.7 | 40.3 | |
| Hispanic | 28.6 | 33.1 | |
| Chinese | 13.1 | 10.4 | |
| History of alcohol consumption | 38.4 | 34.7 | 0.26 |
| Current cigarette smoker | 11.4 | 10.1 | 0.56 |
| Hypertension | 71.7 | 76.8 | 0.09 |
| Use of oral diabetes medication | 47.2 | 55.5 | <0.001 |
| Use of insulin | 5.9 | 21.5 | <0.001 |
| Age (years) | 65.3 ± 9.2 | 65.0 ± 9.2 | 0.60 |
| Serum glucose (mg/dl) | 148.5 ± 49.0 | 166.1 ± 63.4 | <0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 129.3 ± 20.0 | 133.9 ± 24.9 | 0.003 |
| Diabetes duration (years)† | 0 (5) | 7 (15) | <0.001 |
| A1C (%) | 7.03 ± 1.44 | 7.78 ± 1.85 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.9 ± 6.12 | 30.6 ± 5.96 | 0.43 |
| Plasma total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 181.5 ± 36.4 | 182.6 ± 38.6 | 0.70 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 46.2 ± 12.9 | 47.2 ± 12.7 | 0.25 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 163.5 ± 119.6 | 148.2 ± 101.2 | 0.06 |
| CRP (mg/dl)† | 2.6 (4.7) | 2.5 (4.7) | 0.66 |
| Plasma fibrinogen (mg/dl) | 360 ± 79.2 | 370 ± 81.1 | 0.006 |
| PAP (nmol/l)† | 4.0 (1.9) | 4.4 (2.4) | <0.001 |
| IL-6 (pg/ml)† | 1.5 (1.3) | 1.5 (1.4) | 0.83 |
| d-Dimer (ug/ml)† | 0.2 (0.3) | 0.2 (0.2) | 0.96 |
| Factor VIII (%) | 184 ± 72.5 | 187 ± 80.9 | 0.60 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl)† | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.4) | 0.24 |
| UAC ratio (mg/dl)† | 8.6 (16.3) | 14.9 (48.5) | <0.001 |
| Homocysteine (μmol/l)† | 8.8 (3.7) | 8.9 (3.4) | 0.58 |
| . | No retinopathy . | Diabetic retinopathy . | P* . |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 643 | 278 | |
| Sex (male) | 51.9 | 52.1 | 0.96 |
| Race | 0.01 | ||
| White | 24.6 | 16.2 | |
| African American | 33.7 | 40.3 | |
| Hispanic | 28.6 | 33.1 | |
| Chinese | 13.1 | 10.4 | |
| History of alcohol consumption | 38.4 | 34.7 | 0.26 |
| Current cigarette smoker | 11.4 | 10.1 | 0.56 |
| Hypertension | 71.7 | 76.8 | 0.09 |
| Use of oral diabetes medication | 47.2 | 55.5 | <0.001 |
| Use of insulin | 5.9 | 21.5 | <0.001 |
| Age (years) | 65.3 ± 9.2 | 65.0 ± 9.2 | 0.60 |
| Serum glucose (mg/dl) | 148.5 ± 49.0 | 166.1 ± 63.4 | <0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 129.3 ± 20.0 | 133.9 ± 24.9 | 0.003 |
| Diabetes duration (years)† | 0 (5) | 7 (15) | <0.001 |
| A1C (%) | 7.03 ± 1.44 | 7.78 ± 1.85 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.9 ± 6.12 | 30.6 ± 5.96 | 0.43 |
| Plasma total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 181.5 ± 36.4 | 182.6 ± 38.6 | 0.70 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 46.2 ± 12.9 | 47.2 ± 12.7 | 0.25 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 163.5 ± 119.6 | 148.2 ± 101.2 | 0.06 |
| CRP (mg/dl)† | 2.6 (4.7) | 2.5 (4.7) | 0.66 |
| Plasma fibrinogen (mg/dl) | 360 ± 79.2 | 370 ± 81.1 | 0.006 |
| PAP (nmol/l)† | 4.0 (1.9) | 4.4 (2.4) | <0.001 |
| IL-6 (pg/ml)† | 1.5 (1.3) | 1.5 (1.4) | 0.83 |
| d-Dimer (ug/ml)† | 0.2 (0.3) | 0.2 (0.2) | 0.96 |
| Factor VIII (%) | 184 ± 72.5 | 187 ± 80.9 | 0.60 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl)† | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.4) | 0.24 |
| UAC ratio (mg/dl)† | 8.6 (16.3) | 14.9 (48.5) | <0.001 |
| Homocysteine (μmol/l)† | 8.8 (3.7) | 8.9 (3.4) | 0.58 |
Data are percent, means ± SD, or median (interquartile range). Data were obtained during the first examination (from July 2000 to August 2002), except for retinopathy, which was collected during the second examination (from August 2002 to January 2004).
*P value based on χ2 (categorical), t test (quantitative and normal), or Mann-Whitney U test (quantitative and skewed), comparing diabetes participants with and without retinopathy.
†Results are shown as median (interquartile range) for skewness.