Plasma concentrations
| Time . | Group . | Trial . | 0 min . | 60 min . | 120 min . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glucagon (pmol/l) | Type 2 diabetes | CHO | 9.3 ± 0.7 | 12.6 ± 1.2 | 14.4 ± 1.6* |
| Control group | CHO | 13.1 ± 1.5 | 13.6 ± 1.1 | 15.5 ± 1.2* | |
| Type 2 diabetes | CHO+PRO | 11.5 ± 1.5 | 15.7 ± 2.2 | 15.9 ± 1.8* | |
| Control group | CHO+PRO | 14.0 ± 1.5 | 16.9 ± 1.5 | 19.5 ± 1.3*† | |
| Growth hormone (μg/l) | Type 2 diabetes | CHO | 0.75 ± 0.27 | 0.49 ± 0.31 | 0.08 ± 0.03 |
| Control group | CHO | 0.49 ± 0.23 | 0.30 ± 0.18 | 0.07 ± 0.02 | |
| Type 2 diabetes | CHO+PRO | 1.02 ± 0.36 | 0.23 ± 0.11 | 0.18 ± 0.08* | |
| Control group | CHO+PRO | 0.39 ± 0.20 | 0.16 ± 0.08 | 0.11 ± 0.05 | |
| Cortisol (nmol/l) | Type 2 diabetes | CHO | 465 ± 27 | 270 ± 16 | 238 ± 18* |
| Control group | CHO | 434 ± 33 | 284 ± 21 | 270 ± 24* | |
| Type 2 diabetes | CHO+PRO | 453 ± 25 | 332 ± 40 | 329 ± 33* | |
| Control group | CHO+PRO | 406 ± 19 | 302 ± 29 | 278 ± 25* | |
| IGF-I (nmol/l) | Type 2 diabetes | CHO | 21.7 ± 3.4 | — | 19.4 ± 3.5 |
| Control group | CHO | 23.5 ± 3.1 | — | 22.0 ± 2.8 | |
| Type 2 diabetes | CHO+PRO | 19.0 ± 2.9 | — | 19.5 ± 3.2 | |
| Control group | CHO+PRO | 20.9 ± 2.5 | — | 21.0 ± 2.2 | |
| IGF-BP3 (nmol/l) | Type 2 diabetes | CHO | 126 ± 8 | — | — |
| Control group | CHO | 129 ± 7 | — | — | |
| Type 2 diabetes | CHO+PRO | 125 ± 9 | — | — | |
| Control group | CHO+PRO | 127 ± 5 | — | — |
| Time . | Group . | Trial . | 0 min . | 60 min . | 120 min . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glucagon (pmol/l) | Type 2 diabetes | CHO | 9.3 ± 0.7 | 12.6 ± 1.2 | 14.4 ± 1.6* |
| Control group | CHO | 13.1 ± 1.5 | 13.6 ± 1.1 | 15.5 ± 1.2* | |
| Type 2 diabetes | CHO+PRO | 11.5 ± 1.5 | 15.7 ± 2.2 | 15.9 ± 1.8* | |
| Control group | CHO+PRO | 14.0 ± 1.5 | 16.9 ± 1.5 | 19.5 ± 1.3*† | |
| Growth hormone (μg/l) | Type 2 diabetes | CHO | 0.75 ± 0.27 | 0.49 ± 0.31 | 0.08 ± 0.03 |
| Control group | CHO | 0.49 ± 0.23 | 0.30 ± 0.18 | 0.07 ± 0.02 | |
| Type 2 diabetes | CHO+PRO | 1.02 ± 0.36 | 0.23 ± 0.11 | 0.18 ± 0.08* | |
| Control group | CHO+PRO | 0.39 ± 0.20 | 0.16 ± 0.08 | 0.11 ± 0.05 | |
| Cortisol (nmol/l) | Type 2 diabetes | CHO | 465 ± 27 | 270 ± 16 | 238 ± 18* |
| Control group | CHO | 434 ± 33 | 284 ± 21 | 270 ± 24* | |
| Type 2 diabetes | CHO+PRO | 453 ± 25 | 332 ± 40 | 329 ± 33* | |
| Control group | CHO+PRO | 406 ± 19 | 302 ± 29 | 278 ± 25* | |
| IGF-I (nmol/l) | Type 2 diabetes | CHO | 21.7 ± 3.4 | — | 19.4 ± 3.5 |
| Control group | CHO | 23.5 ± 3.1 | — | 22.0 ± 2.8 | |
| Type 2 diabetes | CHO+PRO | 19.0 ± 2.9 | — | 19.5 ± 3.2 | |
| Control group | CHO+PRO | 20.9 ± 2.5 | — | 21.0 ± 2.2 | |
| IGF-BP3 (nmol/l) | Type 2 diabetes | CHO | 126 ± 8 | — | — |
| Control group | CHO | 129 ± 7 | — | — | |
| Type 2 diabetes | CHO+PRO | 125 ± 9 | — | — | |
| Control group | CHO+PRO | 127 ± 5 | — | — |
Data are means ± SE.
Significant change over time (P < 0.05).
Significant difference between trials within the separate groups. There were no significant differences in plasma glucagon, cortisol, and GH between the groups.