Participant characteristics
| Characteristics . | Type 1 diabetes (n = 237) . | . | . | Type 2 diabetes (n = 91) . | . | . | Total sample (n = 331) . | . | . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | n . | % . | Mean ± SD . | n . | % . | Mean ± SD . | n . | % . | Mean ± SD . | ||||||
| Administration | |||||||||||||||
| Clinic | 220 | 92.8 | — | 71 | 78.0 | — | 294 | 88.8 | — | ||||||
| Telephone | 17 | 7.2 | — | 20 | 22.0 | — | 37 | 11.2 | — | ||||||
| Age (years) | |||||||||||||||
| Total sample (range 2–18) | — | — | 12.47 ± 4.04 | — | — | 15.11 ± 2.32 | — | — | 13.20 ± 3.83 | ||||||
| Child-report only (range 5–18) | — | — | 13.05 ± 3.51 | — | — | 15.11 ± 2.28 | — | — | 13.65 ± 3.33 | ||||||
| Sex | |||||||||||||||
| Male | |||||||||||||||
| Total sample | 104 | 43.9 | — | 44 | 48.4 | — | 149 | 45.0 | — | ||||||
| Child-report only | 91 | 42.9 | — | 42 | 48.3 | — | 134 | 44.7 | — | ||||||
| Female | |||||||||||||||
| Total sample | 133 | 56.1 | — | 47 | 51.6 | — | 180 | 54.4 | — | ||||||
| Child-report only | 121 | 57.1 | — | 45 | 51.7 | — | 166 | 55.3 | — | ||||||
| Ethnicity | |||||||||||||||
| White/non-Hispanic | 143 | 60.3 | — | 11 | 12.1 | — | 154 | 46.5 | — | ||||||
| Hispanic/Latino | 48 | 20.3 | — | 35 | 38.5 | — | 83 | 25.1 | — | ||||||
| Black/non-Hispanic | 13 | 5.5 | — | 22 | 24.2 | — | 35 | 10.6 | — | ||||||
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 11 | 4.6 | — | 17 | 18.7 | — | 29 | 8.8 | — | ||||||
| American Indian/Alaskan Native | 3 | 1.3 | — | 2 | 2.2 | — | 5 | 1.5 | — | ||||||
| Other | 17 | 7.2 | — | 3 | 3.3 | — | 20 | 6.0 | — | ||||||
| SES* | — | — | 45.36 ± 13.59 | — | — | 34.67 ± 13.32 | — | — | 42.72 ± 14.30 | ||||||
| BMI† | — | — | 21.96 ± 5.33 | — | — | 29.16 ± 7.60 | — | — | 23.89 ± 6.81 | ||||||
| HbA1c | — | — | 8.7 ± 1.9 | — | — | 8.6 ± 2.4 | — | — | 8.64 ± 2.02 | ||||||
| Language of form | |||||||||||||||
| English | — | — | — | — | — | — | 288 | 87.0 | — | ||||||
| Spanish | — | — | — | — | — | — | 41 | 12.4 | — | ||||||
| Characteristics . | Type 1 diabetes (n = 237) . | . | . | Type 2 diabetes (n = 91) . | . | . | Total sample (n = 331) . | . | . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | n . | % . | Mean ± SD . | n . | % . | Mean ± SD . | n . | % . | Mean ± SD . | ||||||
| Administration | |||||||||||||||
| Clinic | 220 | 92.8 | — | 71 | 78.0 | — | 294 | 88.8 | — | ||||||
| Telephone | 17 | 7.2 | — | 20 | 22.0 | — | 37 | 11.2 | — | ||||||
| Age (years) | |||||||||||||||
| Total sample (range 2–18) | — | — | 12.47 ± 4.04 | — | — | 15.11 ± 2.32 | — | — | 13.20 ± 3.83 | ||||||
| Child-report only (range 5–18) | — | — | 13.05 ± 3.51 | — | — | 15.11 ± 2.28 | — | — | 13.65 ± 3.33 | ||||||
| Sex | |||||||||||||||
| Male | |||||||||||||||
| Total sample | 104 | 43.9 | — | 44 | 48.4 | — | 149 | 45.0 | — | ||||||
| Child-report only | 91 | 42.9 | — | 42 | 48.3 | — | 134 | 44.7 | — | ||||||
| Female | |||||||||||||||
| Total sample | 133 | 56.1 | — | 47 | 51.6 | — | 180 | 54.4 | — | ||||||
| Child-report only | 121 | 57.1 | — | 45 | 51.7 | — | 166 | 55.3 | — | ||||||
| Ethnicity | |||||||||||||||
| White/non-Hispanic | 143 | 60.3 | — | 11 | 12.1 | — | 154 | 46.5 | — | ||||||
| Hispanic/Latino | 48 | 20.3 | — | 35 | 38.5 | — | 83 | 25.1 | — | ||||||
| Black/non-Hispanic | 13 | 5.5 | — | 22 | 24.2 | — | 35 | 10.6 | — | ||||||
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 11 | 4.6 | — | 17 | 18.7 | — | 29 | 8.8 | — | ||||||
| American Indian/Alaskan Native | 3 | 1.3 | — | 2 | 2.2 | — | 5 | 1.5 | — | ||||||
| Other | 17 | 7.2 | — | 3 | 3.3 | — | 20 | 6.0 | — | ||||||
| SES* | — | — | 45.36 ± 13.59 | — | — | 34.67 ± 13.32 | — | — | 42.72 ± 14.30 | ||||||
| BMI† | — | — | 21.96 ± 5.33 | — | — | 29.16 ± 7.60 | — | — | 23.89 ± 6.81 | ||||||
| HbA1c | — | — | 8.7 ± 1.9 | — | — | 8.6 ± 2.4 | — | — | 8.64 ± 2.02 | ||||||
| Language of form | |||||||||||||||
| English | — | — | — | — | — | — | 288 | 87.0 | — | ||||||
| Spanish | — | — | — | — | — | — | 41 | 12.4 | — | ||||||
Missing values for total sample include: sex, 2 case subjects (0.6%); ethnicity, 5 case subjects (1.5%); language of form, 2 case subjects (0.6%). χ2 analysis indicated a nonsignificant relationship between sex and type of diabetes.
SES was based on the Hollingshead index. Value for total sample indicates middle class family SES. Tukey post hoc analysis indicates significant difference (P < 0.001) in SES between white/non-Hispanics (mean = 46.85) and Hispanic/Latinos (mean = 34.71). t test for independent samples indicates that the type 1 diabetes sample reported a higher SES (mean = 45.36) than the type 2 diabetes sample (mean = 34.67): t = 5.48, P < 0.001.
BMI was calculated as the child’s weight divided by height squared. In adults, a BMI of ≥30 kg/m2 indicates obesity. In our type 2 diabetes sample, 43% of children had a BMI of ≥30 kg/m2. t-test for independent samples indicates that the type 1 diabetes sample had a significantly lower BMI than the type 2 diabetes sample (t = 9.20, P < 0.001). χ2 analysis indicates a significant association between BMI and diabetes type (χ2 = 27.26, P < 0.001), with a greater percentage of the type 2 diabetes sample (64.9%, standardized residual = 3.5) reporting a BMI score above the 95th percentile.