Bivariate χ2 associations to concentrations above the 95th percentile of IA-2A, GADA, and double positivity (n = 4,400)
| . | IA-2A . | . | . | . | GADA . | . | . | . | Double positivity (i.e., IA-2A + GADA) . | . | . | . | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | <95th (n/n) . | >95th (n/n) . | χ2 . | P . | <95th (n/n) . | >95th (n/n) . | χ2 . | P . | <95th (n/n) . | >95th (n/n) . | χ2 . | P . | |||||||||
| Psychological stress mechanisms | |||||||||||||||||||||
| High parenting stress | 326/356 | 30/356 | 11.133 | <0.001 | — | — | — | NS | — | — | F | NS | |||||||||
| Lack of social support | — | — | — | NS | — | — | — | NS | — | — | F | NS | |||||||||
| Lack of confidence | — | — | — | NS | — | — | — | NS | — | — | F | NS | |||||||||
| Experiences of serious life events during 1st year of life | 157/172 | 15/172 | 5.988 | <0.05 | — | — | — | NS | — | — | F | NS | |||||||||
| Born abroad (mother) | — | — | — | NS | 227/250 | 23/250 | 9.616 | <0.01 | — | — | F | NS | |||||||||
| Born abroad (father) | — | — | — | NS | — | — | — | NS | — | — | F | NS | |||||||||
| Single parenthood | — | — | — | NS | — | — | — | NS | — | — | F | NS | |||||||||
| Low education (mother) | — | — | — | NS | 290/313 | 23/313 | 3.909 | <0.05 | — | — | F | NS | |||||||||
| Low education (father) | — | — | — | NS | 486/525 | 39/525 | 7.323 | <0.01 | — | — | F | NS | |||||||||
| Unemployed (mother) | 198/215 | 17/215 | 4.743 | <0.05 | — | — | — | NS | — | — | F | NS | |||||||||
| Unemployed (father) | — | — | — | NS | — | — | — | NS | — | — | F | NS | |||||||||
| Need for neonatal intensive care | — | — | — | NS | — | — | — | NS | 436/443 | 7/443 | F | <0.05 | |||||||||
| Potential confounding factors | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Autoimmunity in the family | — | — | — | NS | — | — | — | NS | — | — | F | NS | |||||||||
| Type 1 diabetes in the family | — | — | — | NS | — | — | — | NS | — | — | F | NS | |||||||||
| Increased age (mother >30 years) | — | — | — | NS | — | — | — | NS | — | — | — | NS | |||||||||
| Increased age (father >30 years) | — | — | — | NS | — | — | — | NS | — | — | — | NS | |||||||||
| Exclusive breast-feeding (number of months) | — | — | M-W | NS | — | — | M-W | NS | — | — | M-W | NS | |||||||||
| Size for gestational age* | — | — | — | NS | — | — | — | NS | — | — | — | — | |||||||||
| BMI at 1 year of age (>90th percentile) | — | — | — | NS | — | — | — | NS | — | — | F | NS | |||||||||
| Gastroenteritis (≥3 times) in the child during 1st year of life | — | — | F | NS | — | — | F | NS | — | — | F | NS | |||||||||
| Infections treated with penicillin (≥3 times) in the child during 1st year of life | — | — | — | NS | — | — | — | NS | — | — | F | NS | |||||||||
| Upper respiratory infection (≥2 times) in the child during 1st year of life | 453/488 | 35/488 | 5.820 | <0.05 | — | — | — | NS | 480/488 | 8/488 | F | <0.05 | |||||||||
| Cesarean section | — | — | — | NS | — | — | — | NS | — | — | F | NS | |||||||||
| . | IA-2A . | . | . | . | GADA . | . | . | . | Double positivity (i.e., IA-2A + GADA) . | . | . | . | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | <95th (n/n) . | >95th (n/n) . | χ2 . | P . | <95th (n/n) . | >95th (n/n) . | χ2 . | P . | <95th (n/n) . | >95th (n/n) . | χ2 . | P . | |||||||||
| Psychological stress mechanisms | |||||||||||||||||||||
| High parenting stress | 326/356 | 30/356 | 11.133 | <0.001 | — | — | — | NS | — | — | F | NS | |||||||||
| Lack of social support | — | — | — | NS | — | — | — | NS | — | — | F | NS | |||||||||
| Lack of confidence | — | — | — | NS | — | — | — | NS | — | — | F | NS | |||||||||
| Experiences of serious life events during 1st year of life | 157/172 | 15/172 | 5.988 | <0.05 | — | — | — | NS | — | — | F | NS | |||||||||
| Born abroad (mother) | — | — | — | NS | 227/250 | 23/250 | 9.616 | <0.01 | — | — | F | NS | |||||||||
| Born abroad (father) | — | — | — | NS | — | — | — | NS | — | — | F | NS | |||||||||
| Single parenthood | — | — | — | NS | — | — | — | NS | — | — | F | NS | |||||||||
| Low education (mother) | — | — | — | NS | 290/313 | 23/313 | 3.909 | <0.05 | — | — | F | NS | |||||||||
| Low education (father) | — | — | — | NS | 486/525 | 39/525 | 7.323 | <0.01 | — | — | F | NS | |||||||||
| Unemployed (mother) | 198/215 | 17/215 | 4.743 | <0.05 | — | — | — | NS | — | — | F | NS | |||||||||
| Unemployed (father) | — | — | — | NS | — | — | — | NS | — | — | F | NS | |||||||||
| Need for neonatal intensive care | — | — | — | NS | — | — | — | NS | 436/443 | 7/443 | F | <0.05 | |||||||||
| Potential confounding factors | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Autoimmunity in the family | — | — | — | NS | — | — | — | NS | — | — | F | NS | |||||||||
| Type 1 diabetes in the family | — | — | — | NS | — | — | — | NS | — | — | F | NS | |||||||||
| Increased age (mother >30 years) | — | — | — | NS | — | — | — | NS | — | — | — | NS | |||||||||
| Increased age (father >30 years) | — | — | — | NS | — | — | — | NS | — | — | — | NS | |||||||||
| Exclusive breast-feeding (number of months) | — | — | M-W | NS | — | — | M-W | NS | — | — | M-W | NS | |||||||||
| Size for gestational age* | — | — | — | NS | — | — | — | NS | — | — | — | — | |||||||||
| BMI at 1 year of age (>90th percentile) | — | — | — | NS | — | — | — | NS | — | — | F | NS | |||||||||
| Gastroenteritis (≥3 times) in the child during 1st year of life | — | — | F | NS | — | — | F | NS | — | — | F | NS | |||||||||
| Infections treated with penicillin (≥3 times) in the child during 1st year of life | — | — | — | NS | — | — | — | NS | — | — | F | NS | |||||||||
| Upper respiratory infection (≥2 times) in the child during 1st year of life | 453/488 | 35/488 | 5.820 | <0.05 | — | — | — | NS | 480/488 | 8/488 | F | <0.05 | |||||||||
| Cesarean section | — | — | — | NS | — | — | — | NS | — | — | F | NS | |||||||||
Calculation of χ2 for double positivity was not possible because of the small number in >25% of the cells. F, Fisher’s exact test; M-W, Mann-Whitney test.