Descriptive statistics of studies included in the meta-analysis
| Study (ref.) . | Ethnicity . | Age (years) . | Sample size (n) . | . | Dietary cointervention* . | Exercise intervention . | . | . | . | . | . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | . | . | Exercise . | Control . | . | Frequency (weeks−1) . | Duration (weeks) . | Session time (min) . | Total time (h) . | Intensity rating . | Intensity description . | ||||||
| Aerobic training | |||||||||||||||||
| Agurs-Collins et al. (38) | African American | 62 | 31 | 27 | Yes | 3 | 13 | 30 | 19.5 | 3 | Low impact aerobic | ||||||
| Agurs-Collins et al. (38) | African American | 62 | 30 | 25 | Yes | 3 | 26 | 30 | 39 | 3 | Low impact aerobic | ||||||
| Boudou et al. (52) | European | 45 | 8 M, 0 F | 8 M, 0 F | No | 3 | 8 | 45 | 18 | 4 | 75% Vo2max 2 days/week + 85% Vo2max 1 day/week | ||||||
| Cuff et al. (59) | European | 61 | 0 M, 9 F | 0 M, 9 F | No | 3 | 16 | 75 | 60 | 2 | Low impact aerobic | ||||||
| Dunstan et al. (40) | European | 53 | 8 M, 3 F | 9 M, 3 F | Yes | 3 | 8 | 40 | 16 | 3 | 50–65% Vo2max | ||||||
| Dunstan et al. (40) | European | 53 | 10 M, 4 F | 10 M, 2 F | Yes† | 3 | 8 | 40 | 16 | 3 | 50–65% Vo2max | ||||||
| Fujii et al. (56) | Japanese | 40 | 6 M, 4 F | 9 M, 6 F | No | 5 | 26 | 30 | 65 | 2 | 40% Vo2max | ||||||
| Giannopoulou et al. (41) | European | 57 | 0 M, 11 F | 0 M, 11 F | Yes | 3 | 14 | 50 | 35 | 3 | 65–70% Vo2max | ||||||
| Khan and Rupp (63) | European | 50 | 21 | 18 | No | 5 | 15 | 50 | 63 | 2 | 40–60% Vo2max | ||||||
| Lehmann et al. (61) | European | 56 | 6 M, 8 F | 7 M, 6 F | No | 3 | 13 | 90 | 58.5 | 3 | 50–70% Vo2max | ||||||
| Ligtenberg et al. (49) | European | 62 | 25 | 26 | No | 3 | 6 | 50 | 15 | 4 | 60–80% Vo2max | ||||||
| Mourier et al. (50) | European | 46 | 10 | 11 | No | 3 | 10 | 55 | 27.5 | 4 | 75% Vo2max | ||||||
| Raz et al. (51) | European | 57 | 7 M, 12 F | 7 M, 12 F | No | 3 | 12 | 55 | 33 | 3 | 65% Vo2max | ||||||
| Ronnemaa et al. (58) | European | 53 | 13 | 12 | No | 6 | 17.5 | 45 | 78.75 | 3 | 70% Vo2max | ||||||
| Skarfors et al. (53) | European | 59 | 8 M, 0 F | 8 M, 0 F | No | 2 | 104 | 45 | 156 | 4 | 75% Vo2max | ||||||
| Vanninen et al. (64) | European | 53 | 21 M, 0 F | 24 M, 0 F | No | 3.5 | 52 | 45 | 135.2 | 3 | Heart rate 110–140 bpm | ||||||
| Vanninen et al. (64) | European | 54 | 0 M, 17 F | 0 M, 16 F | No | 3.5 | 52 | 45 | 135.2 | 3 | Heart rate 110–140 bpm | ||||||
| Yamnouchi et al. (43) | Japanese | 42 | 8 M, 2 F | 11 M, 3 F | Yes | 7 | 7 | 120‡ | 14 | 1 | Exercise group 19,200 steps/day, control group 4,500 steps/day | ||||||
| Wing et al. (42) | European | 54 | 10 | 12 | Yes | 3 | 10 | 60 | 30 | 3 | 4.8 km/h | ||||||
| Wing et al. (42) | European | 56 | 13 | 15 | Yes | 4 | 10 | 60 | 40 | 3 | 4.8 km/h | ||||||
| Verity and Ismail (62) | European | 59 | 0 M, 5 F | 0 M, 5 F | No | 3 | 17 | 75 | 63.75 | 4 | 65–80% heart-rate reserve | ||||||
| Resistance training | |||||||||||||||||
| Baldi and Snowling (57) | Polynesian, European | 48 | 9 M, 0 F | 9 M, 0 F | No | 3 | 10 | 60 | 30 | 3 | 2 sets, 12–15 reps, 10 exercises | ||||||
| Castaneda et al. (60) | Hispanic | 66 | 9 M, 20 F | 12 M, 19 F | No | 3 | 16 | 45 | 36 | 4 | 3 sets, 8 reps, 5 exercises | ||||||
| Dunstan et al. (44) | European | 51 | 8 M, 3 F | 5 M, 5 F | No | 3 | 8 | 60 | 24 | 2 | 2–3 sets, 10–15 reps, 10 exercises, 50–55% 1 RM | ||||||
| Dunstan et al. (39) | European | 67 | 10 M, 6 F | 6 M, 7 F | Yes | 3 | 13 | 45 | 29.25 | 4 | 3 sets, 10 reps, 9 exercises, 50–85% 1 RM | ||||||
| Dunstan et al. (39) | European | 67 | 10 M, 6 F | 6 M, 7 F | Yes | 3 | 26 | 45 | 58.50 | 4 | 3 sets, 10 reps, 9 exercises, 50–85% 1 RM | ||||||
| Honkola et al. (45) | European | 65 | 12 M, 6 F | 5 M, 15 F | No | 3 | 22 | 45 | 49.50 | 3 | 2 sets, 12–15 reps, 8–10 exercises | ||||||
| Ishii et al. (46) | Japanese | 49 | 9 | 8 | No | 5 | 5 | 60 | 25 | 2 | 2 sets, 10–20 reps, 10 exercises, 40–50% 1 RM | ||||||
| Combined training | |||||||||||||||||
| Balducci et al. (65) | European | 61 | 28 M, 29 F | 28 M, 27 F | No | 3 | 52 | 60 | 156 | 3 | 40–80% heart-rate reserve, 40–60% 1 RM, 1 set, 12 reps, 6 exercises | ||||||
| Cuff et al. (59) | European | 61 | 0 M, 10 F | 0 M, 9 F | No | 3 | 16 | 75 | 60 | 3 | 60–70% heart-rate reserve on 5 machines, 2 sets, 12 reps, 5 exercises | ||||||
| Loimaala et al. (69) | European | 54 | 24 M, 0 F | 25 M, 0 F | No | 4 | 52 | 45 | 156 | 3 | 65–75% Vo2max; 3 sets, 10–12 reps, 8 exercises | ||||||
| Maiorana et al. (47) | European | 52 | 14 M, 2 F | 14 M, 2 F | No | 3 | 8 | 60 | 24 | 3 | Circuit training: 8 aerobic + 7 resistance exercises, 45 s each with 15 s rest | ||||||
| Tessier et al. (48) | European | 69 | 12 M, 7 F | 11 M, 9 F | No | 3 | 16 | 60 | 48 | 3 | 60–79% Vo2max; 2 sets, 20 reps, 9 exercises | ||||||
| Study (ref.) . | Ethnicity . | Age (years) . | Sample size (n) . | . | Dietary cointervention* . | Exercise intervention . | . | . | . | . | . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | . | . | Exercise . | Control . | . | Frequency (weeks−1) . | Duration (weeks) . | Session time (min) . | Total time (h) . | Intensity rating . | Intensity description . | ||||||
| Aerobic training | |||||||||||||||||
| Agurs-Collins et al. (38) | African American | 62 | 31 | 27 | Yes | 3 | 13 | 30 | 19.5 | 3 | Low impact aerobic | ||||||
| Agurs-Collins et al. (38) | African American | 62 | 30 | 25 | Yes | 3 | 26 | 30 | 39 | 3 | Low impact aerobic | ||||||
| Boudou et al. (52) | European | 45 | 8 M, 0 F | 8 M, 0 F | No | 3 | 8 | 45 | 18 | 4 | 75% Vo2max 2 days/week + 85% Vo2max 1 day/week | ||||||
| Cuff et al. (59) | European | 61 | 0 M, 9 F | 0 M, 9 F | No | 3 | 16 | 75 | 60 | 2 | Low impact aerobic | ||||||
| Dunstan et al. (40) | European | 53 | 8 M, 3 F | 9 M, 3 F | Yes | 3 | 8 | 40 | 16 | 3 | 50–65% Vo2max | ||||||
| Dunstan et al. (40) | European | 53 | 10 M, 4 F | 10 M, 2 F | Yes† | 3 | 8 | 40 | 16 | 3 | 50–65% Vo2max | ||||||
| Fujii et al. (56) | Japanese | 40 | 6 M, 4 F | 9 M, 6 F | No | 5 | 26 | 30 | 65 | 2 | 40% Vo2max | ||||||
| Giannopoulou et al. (41) | European | 57 | 0 M, 11 F | 0 M, 11 F | Yes | 3 | 14 | 50 | 35 | 3 | 65–70% Vo2max | ||||||
| Khan and Rupp (63) | European | 50 | 21 | 18 | No | 5 | 15 | 50 | 63 | 2 | 40–60% Vo2max | ||||||
| Lehmann et al. (61) | European | 56 | 6 M, 8 F | 7 M, 6 F | No | 3 | 13 | 90 | 58.5 | 3 | 50–70% Vo2max | ||||||
| Ligtenberg et al. (49) | European | 62 | 25 | 26 | No | 3 | 6 | 50 | 15 | 4 | 60–80% Vo2max | ||||||
| Mourier et al. (50) | European | 46 | 10 | 11 | No | 3 | 10 | 55 | 27.5 | 4 | 75% Vo2max | ||||||
| Raz et al. (51) | European | 57 | 7 M, 12 F | 7 M, 12 F | No | 3 | 12 | 55 | 33 | 3 | 65% Vo2max | ||||||
| Ronnemaa et al. (58) | European | 53 | 13 | 12 | No | 6 | 17.5 | 45 | 78.75 | 3 | 70% Vo2max | ||||||
| Skarfors et al. (53) | European | 59 | 8 M, 0 F | 8 M, 0 F | No | 2 | 104 | 45 | 156 | 4 | 75% Vo2max | ||||||
| Vanninen et al. (64) | European | 53 | 21 M, 0 F | 24 M, 0 F | No | 3.5 | 52 | 45 | 135.2 | 3 | Heart rate 110–140 bpm | ||||||
| Vanninen et al. (64) | European | 54 | 0 M, 17 F | 0 M, 16 F | No | 3.5 | 52 | 45 | 135.2 | 3 | Heart rate 110–140 bpm | ||||||
| Yamnouchi et al. (43) | Japanese | 42 | 8 M, 2 F | 11 M, 3 F | Yes | 7 | 7 | 120‡ | 14 | 1 | Exercise group 19,200 steps/day, control group 4,500 steps/day | ||||||
| Wing et al. (42) | European | 54 | 10 | 12 | Yes | 3 | 10 | 60 | 30 | 3 | 4.8 km/h | ||||||
| Wing et al. (42) | European | 56 | 13 | 15 | Yes | 4 | 10 | 60 | 40 | 3 | 4.8 km/h | ||||||
| Verity and Ismail (62) | European | 59 | 0 M, 5 F | 0 M, 5 F | No | 3 | 17 | 75 | 63.75 | 4 | 65–80% heart-rate reserve | ||||||
| Resistance training | |||||||||||||||||
| Baldi and Snowling (57) | Polynesian, European | 48 | 9 M, 0 F | 9 M, 0 F | No | 3 | 10 | 60 | 30 | 3 | 2 sets, 12–15 reps, 10 exercises | ||||||
| Castaneda et al. (60) | Hispanic | 66 | 9 M, 20 F | 12 M, 19 F | No | 3 | 16 | 45 | 36 | 4 | 3 sets, 8 reps, 5 exercises | ||||||
| Dunstan et al. (44) | European | 51 | 8 M, 3 F | 5 M, 5 F | No | 3 | 8 | 60 | 24 | 2 | 2–3 sets, 10–15 reps, 10 exercises, 50–55% 1 RM | ||||||
| Dunstan et al. (39) | European | 67 | 10 M, 6 F | 6 M, 7 F | Yes | 3 | 13 | 45 | 29.25 | 4 | 3 sets, 10 reps, 9 exercises, 50–85% 1 RM | ||||||
| Dunstan et al. (39) | European | 67 | 10 M, 6 F | 6 M, 7 F | Yes | 3 | 26 | 45 | 58.50 | 4 | 3 sets, 10 reps, 9 exercises, 50–85% 1 RM | ||||||
| Honkola et al. (45) | European | 65 | 12 M, 6 F | 5 M, 15 F | No | 3 | 22 | 45 | 49.50 | 3 | 2 sets, 12–15 reps, 8–10 exercises | ||||||
| Ishii et al. (46) | Japanese | 49 | 9 | 8 | No | 5 | 5 | 60 | 25 | 2 | 2 sets, 10–20 reps, 10 exercises, 40–50% 1 RM | ||||||
| Combined training | |||||||||||||||||
| Balducci et al. (65) | European | 61 | 28 M, 29 F | 28 M, 27 F | No | 3 | 52 | 60 | 156 | 3 | 40–80% heart-rate reserve, 40–60% 1 RM, 1 set, 12 reps, 6 exercises | ||||||
| Cuff et al. (59) | European | 61 | 0 M, 10 F | 0 M, 9 F | No | 3 | 16 | 75 | 60 | 3 | 60–70% heart-rate reserve on 5 machines, 2 sets, 12 reps, 5 exercises | ||||||
| Loimaala et al. (69) | European | 54 | 24 M, 0 F | 25 M, 0 F | No | 4 | 52 | 45 | 156 | 3 | 65–75% Vo2max; 3 sets, 10–12 reps, 8 exercises | ||||||
| Maiorana et al. (47) | European | 52 | 14 M, 2 F | 14 M, 2 F | No | 3 | 8 | 60 | 24 | 3 | Circuit training: 8 aerobic + 7 resistance exercises, 45 s each with 15 s rest | ||||||
| Tessier et al. (48) | European | 69 | 12 M, 7 F | 11 M, 9 F | No | 3 | 16 | 60 | 48 | 3 | 60–79% Vo2max; 2 sets, 20 reps, 9 exercises | ||||||
Applies to experimental and control groups;
including a diet high in fish;
estimated. RM, repetition maximum.