Changes in measures of blood glucose control and related physiological parameters for the individual studies included in the meta-analysis and for the meta-analyzed means after controlling for moderating effects of study characteristics
| Study (ref.) . | A1C (%) . | Blood glucose . | . | Insulin sensitivity (%) . | Fasting insulin (%) . | Body mass (%) . | Body fat (%) . | . | Waist circumference (%) . | Total cholesterol (mmol/l) . | LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) . | HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) . | Triglycerides (mmol/l) . | Blood pressure (mmHg) . | . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | . | Fasting (mmol/l) . | Postprandial (%) . | . | . | . | Fat mass . | Abdominal fat . | . | . | . | . | . | Systolic . | Diastolic . | |||
| Aerobic training | ||||||||||||||||||
| Agurs-Collins et al. (38) | ||||||||||||||||||
| 3 months | −1.6 ± 0.7 | — | — | — | — | −2.1 ± 1.3 | — | — | −0.0 ± 1.8 | −0.2 ± 0.5 | 0.1 ± 0.3 | −0.00 ± 0.08 | −0.1 ± 0.5 | −8.4 ± 7.3 | −3.3 ± 3.2 | |||
| 6 months | −2.4 ± 1.5 | — | — | — | — | −2.6 ± 1.7 | — | — | 0.4 ± 1.1 | 0.1 ± 0.5 | −0.1 ± 0.5 | 0.01 ± 0.06 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | −5.9 ± 6.9 | −4.0 ± 3.3 | |||
| Boudou et al. (52) | −3.1 ± 1.0 | 0.3 ± 1.6 | — | 61 ± 38 | −8 ± 48 | −0.3 ± 12.5 | — | −40 ± 13 S, −16 ± 20 V | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||
| Cuff et al. (59) | −0.1 ± 0.4 | — | — | 19 ± 32 | — | −3.6 ± 2.8 | — | −5.4 ± 4.9 S, −3.5 ± 10.0 V | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||
| Dunstan et al. (40) | −0.2 ± 0.4 | −0.9 ± 0.9 | −8 ± 8 | — | — | −1.7 ± 1.4 | — | — | — | −0.2 ± 0.3 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 0.05 ± 0.05 | −0.4 ± 0.6 | — | — | |||
| Dunstan et al. (40) (diet) | −0.5 ± 0.5 | −1.5 ± 1.1 | −9 ± 10 | — | — | −1.1 ± 1.6 | — | — | — | 0.04 ± 0.27 | 0.0 ± 0.3 | 0.02 ± 0.07 | 0.3 ± 1.3 | — | — | |||
| Fujii et al. (56) | — | — | −23 ± 16 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||
| Giannopoulou et al. (41) | −1.0 ± 1.1 | −1.1 ± 0.9 | −8 ± 17 | — | −66 ± 71 | −0.9 ± 2.2 | −2 ± 16 | −8.4 ± 3.4 S, −7.5 ± 6.2 V | −0.0 ± 2.0 | 0.2 ± 0.8 | 2.7 ± 0.7 | 0.09 ± 0.20 | −0.5 ± 0.9 | — | ||||
| Khan and Rupp (63) | −0.2 ± 1.2 | 1.2 ± 4.5 | — | — | — | −0.3 ± 1.3 | −1.6 ± 5.4 | — | — | −0.2 ± 0.6 | — | 0.06 ± 0.12 | 0.3 ± 2.9 | — | — | |||
| Lehmann et al. (61) | −0.6 ± 1.0 | 0.0 ± 1.4 | — | — | −67 ± 42 | −1 ± 12 | −15 ± 37 | — | −3.2 ± 6.2 | — | 0.2 ± 0.4 | — | — | — | — | |||
| Ligtenberg et al. (49) | −0.3 ± 0.8 | — | — | −6 ± 36 | — | — | — | — | — | −0.3 ± 0.6 | −0.1 ± 0.4 | −0.03 ± 0.09 | −0.2 ± 1.1 | — | — | |||
| Mourier et al. (50) | −2.6 ± 0.8 | 0.1 ± 1.2 | 2 ± 16 | 54 ± 34 | 2 ± 40 | −2 ± 12 | 10 ± 41 | −13 ± 18 S, −48 ± 15 V | −1.0 ± 8.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||
| Raz et al. (51) | −1.3 ± 1.9 | −1.7 ± 2.1 | — | — | — | −2.3 ± 7.5 | — | — | — | −0.1 ± 0.6 | — | 0.00 ± 0.16 | −0.2 ± 0.4 | — | — | |||
| Ronnemaa et al. (58) | −0.9 ± 1.2 | −1.1 ± 2.4 | −17 ± 20 | — | −7 ± 39 | −3 ± 13 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||
| Skarfors et al. (53) | — | 0.3 ± 2.5 | 8 ± 29 | — | 13 ± 45 | — | — | — | — | −0.3 ± 0.8 | −0.0 ± 0.7 | 0.03 ± 0.09 | — | — | — | |||
| Vanninen et al. (64) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Men | −0.2 ± 0.9 | −0.5 ± 1.1 | — | — | — | −4.6 ± 5.7 | — | — | — | −0.4 ± 0.5 | — | 0.06 ± 0.14 | −0.9 ± 0.5 | — | — | |||
| Women | 0.0 ± 0.8 | 0.7 ± 1.0 | — | — | — | −2 ± 11 | — | — | — | −0.2 ± 0.5 | — | 0.08 ± 0.15 | −0.3 ± 0.8 | — | — | |||
| Yamnouchi et al. (43) | — | −0.1 ± 0.7 | — | 45 ± 10 G, 64 ± 12 M | −18 ± 30 | −4 ± 16 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||
| Wing et al. (42) | ||||||||||||||||||
| A | −0.2 ± 1.1 | −0.5 ± 2.1 | −1 ± 17 | — | −16 ± 20 | −1 ± 11 | — | — | — | 0.5 ± 0.6 | — | −0.04 ± 0.16 | 0.8 ± 0.6 | 2.0 ± 7.8 | 2.0 ± 4.0 | |||
| B | −0.5 ± 0.7 | 0.2 ± 1.5 | −1 ± 21 | — | −28 ± 44 | −4 ± 13 | — | — | — | −0.3 ± 0.5 | — | −0.04 ± 0.12 | −0.9 ± 0.5 | 4 ± 13 | 2.0 ± 7.7 | |||
| Verity and Ismail (62) | 0.5 ± 1.2 | 0.5 ± 2.4 | — | — | — | 1.0 ± 4.9 | 7.4 ± 9.0 | — | — | −0.1 ± 0.6 | — | 0.20 ± 0.26 | — | — | — | |||
| Meta-analyzed mean (upper, lower 90% confidence limit) | −0.7 (−1.0, −0.4) | −0.5 (−1.0, −0.1) | −9 (−13, −5) | 28 (9, 49) | −20 (−41, 8) | −1.5 (−2.1, −1.0) | −11 (−20, −1) | −1.2 (−3.0, 0.6) | −0.2 (−0.3, 0.0) | 0.1 (−0.1, 0.3) | 0.02 (−0.01, 0.05) | −0.4 (−0.7, 0.0) | −3.5 (−7.6, 0.6) | −1.8 (−4.6, 1.0) | ||||
| Resistance training | ||||||||||||||||||
| Baldi and Snowling (57) | −0.4 ± 0.5 | −0.5 ± 0.5 | −9 ± 10 | 22 ± 32 | −63 ± 52 | 1.0 ± 1.6 | −9.8 ± 5.6 | — | — | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 0.4 ± 0.7 | 0.05 ± 0.11 | −0.2 ± 0.7 | — | — | |||
| Castaneda et al. (60) | −1.0 ± 0.6 | −0.1 ± 0.2 | — | — | — | −0.8 ± 9.1 | −5.5 ± 8.1 | — | −4.1 ± 3.7 | −0.1 ± 0.4 | −0.6 ± 0.6 | 0.06 ± 0.13 | −0.3 ± 0.3 | — | — | |||
| Dunstan et al. (44) | −0.4 ± 1.5 | −0.1 ± 2.7 | −11 ± 6 | — | −17 ± 42 | −2 ± 11 | — | — | 0.0 ± 18 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||
| Dunstan et al. (39) | ||||||||||||||||||
| 3 months | −0.5 ± 0.5 | −0.6 ± 1.5 | — | −5 ± 18 | −8 ± 29 | 0.2 ± 1.2 | — | — | −0.7 ± 2.0 | 0.2 ± 0.5 | 0.2 ± 0.5 | −0.05 ± 0.11 | −0.2 ± 0.5 | −1.1 ± 8.7 | −2.7 ± 4.5 | |||
| 6 months | −0.8 ± 0.6 | −0.8 ± 1.6 | — | −4 ± 20 | 13 ± 20 | 0.7 ± 1.8 | −0.9 ± 4.9 | — | −0.2 ± 3.6 | 0.4 ± 0.5 | 0.4 ± 0.5 | −0.01 ± 0.11 | −0.1 ± 0.4 | −4.2 ± 8.7 | −3.5 ± 5.7 | |||
| Honkola et al. (45) | −0.5 ± 0.6 | — | — | — | — | −3 ± 12 | — | — | — | −0.5 ± 0.7 | −0.4 ± 0.5 | −0.05 ± 0.19 | −0.0 ± 0.8 | 2.0 ± 9.6 | 2.0 ± 4.8 | |||
| Ishii et al. (46) | −0.8 ± 1.4 | — | — | 45 ± 33 | — | 0.0 ± 10.5 | −27 ± 58 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||
| Meta-analyzed mean (upper, lower 90% confidence limit) | −0.5 (−1.0, −0.1) | −0.3 (−1.1, 0.6) | −2 (−13, 10) | 12 (−6, 33) | −31 (−57, 10) | 0.5 (−0.3, 1.4) | −4 (−16, 10) | −2.0 (−4.6, 0.7) | 0.1 (−0.2, 0.4) | 0.0 (−0.3, 0.3) | 0.02 (−0.03, 0.07) | 0.1 (−0.6, 0.8) | −1.3 (−6.5, 3.9) | −1.3 (−5.4, 2.8) | ||||
| Aerobic plus resistance training | ||||||||||||||||||
| Balducci et al. (65) | −1.2 ± 0.4 | −1.9 ± 1.4 | — | — | — | −7.0 ± 5.7 | −10 ± 8 | — | −3.2 ± 4.6 | −0.1 ± 0.3 | −0.0 ± 0.3 | 0.17 ± 0.09 | −0.6 ± 0.4 | −5.3 ± 6.2 | −5.5 ± 2.9 | |||
| Cuff et al. (59) | −0.1 ± 0.5 | — | — | 75 ± 45 | — | −5.3 ± 3.4 | — | −7.8 ± 6.2 S, −10.2 ± 9.8 V | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||
| Loimaala et al. (69) | −1.0 ± 0.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | −5.7 ± 4.6 | — | |||
| Maiorana et al. (47) | −0.6 ± 0.9 | −2.2 ± 1.2 | — | — | — | 0 ± 12 | −9 ± 29 | — | −1.3 ± 3.5 | 0.0 ± 0.5 | 0.1 ± 0.5 | 0.10 ± 0.24 | — | — | — | |||
| Tessier et al. (48) | −0.4 ± 0.7 | 0.4 ± 1.3 | −7 ± 10 | — | −28 ± 33 | −0.2 ± 10.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||
| Meta-analyzed mean (upper, lower 90% confidence limit) | −0.8 (−1.3, −0.2) | −1.5 (−2.3, −0.6) | −6 (−15, 4) | 106 (12, 280) | −7 (−63, 132) | −5.1 (−7.6, −2.5) | −15 (−26, −2) | −0.8 (−3.3, 1.7) | 0.3 (−0.4, 0.4) | 0.1 (−0.4, 0.5) | 0.13 (0.07, 0.20) | −0.3 (−1.4, 0.8) | −5.6 (−9.3, −1.8) | −5.5 (−9.9, −1.1) | ||||
| Study (ref.) . | A1C (%) . | Blood glucose . | . | Insulin sensitivity (%) . | Fasting insulin (%) . | Body mass (%) . | Body fat (%) . | . | Waist circumference (%) . | Total cholesterol (mmol/l) . | LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) . | HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) . | Triglycerides (mmol/l) . | Blood pressure (mmHg) . | . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | . | Fasting (mmol/l) . | Postprandial (%) . | . | . | . | Fat mass . | Abdominal fat . | . | . | . | . | . | Systolic . | Diastolic . | |||
| Aerobic training | ||||||||||||||||||
| Agurs-Collins et al. (38) | ||||||||||||||||||
| 3 months | −1.6 ± 0.7 | — | — | — | — | −2.1 ± 1.3 | — | — | −0.0 ± 1.8 | −0.2 ± 0.5 | 0.1 ± 0.3 | −0.00 ± 0.08 | −0.1 ± 0.5 | −8.4 ± 7.3 | −3.3 ± 3.2 | |||
| 6 months | −2.4 ± 1.5 | — | — | — | — | −2.6 ± 1.7 | — | — | 0.4 ± 1.1 | 0.1 ± 0.5 | −0.1 ± 0.5 | 0.01 ± 0.06 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | −5.9 ± 6.9 | −4.0 ± 3.3 | |||
| Boudou et al. (52) | −3.1 ± 1.0 | 0.3 ± 1.6 | — | 61 ± 38 | −8 ± 48 | −0.3 ± 12.5 | — | −40 ± 13 S, −16 ± 20 V | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||
| Cuff et al. (59) | −0.1 ± 0.4 | — | — | 19 ± 32 | — | −3.6 ± 2.8 | — | −5.4 ± 4.9 S, −3.5 ± 10.0 V | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||
| Dunstan et al. (40) | −0.2 ± 0.4 | −0.9 ± 0.9 | −8 ± 8 | — | — | −1.7 ± 1.4 | — | — | — | −0.2 ± 0.3 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 0.05 ± 0.05 | −0.4 ± 0.6 | — | — | |||
| Dunstan et al. (40) (diet) | −0.5 ± 0.5 | −1.5 ± 1.1 | −9 ± 10 | — | — | −1.1 ± 1.6 | — | — | — | 0.04 ± 0.27 | 0.0 ± 0.3 | 0.02 ± 0.07 | 0.3 ± 1.3 | — | — | |||
| Fujii et al. (56) | — | — | −23 ± 16 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||
| Giannopoulou et al. (41) | −1.0 ± 1.1 | −1.1 ± 0.9 | −8 ± 17 | — | −66 ± 71 | −0.9 ± 2.2 | −2 ± 16 | −8.4 ± 3.4 S, −7.5 ± 6.2 V | −0.0 ± 2.0 | 0.2 ± 0.8 | 2.7 ± 0.7 | 0.09 ± 0.20 | −0.5 ± 0.9 | — | ||||
| Khan and Rupp (63) | −0.2 ± 1.2 | 1.2 ± 4.5 | — | — | — | −0.3 ± 1.3 | −1.6 ± 5.4 | — | — | −0.2 ± 0.6 | — | 0.06 ± 0.12 | 0.3 ± 2.9 | — | — | |||
| Lehmann et al. (61) | −0.6 ± 1.0 | 0.0 ± 1.4 | — | — | −67 ± 42 | −1 ± 12 | −15 ± 37 | — | −3.2 ± 6.2 | — | 0.2 ± 0.4 | — | — | — | — | |||
| Ligtenberg et al. (49) | −0.3 ± 0.8 | — | — | −6 ± 36 | — | — | — | — | — | −0.3 ± 0.6 | −0.1 ± 0.4 | −0.03 ± 0.09 | −0.2 ± 1.1 | — | — | |||
| Mourier et al. (50) | −2.6 ± 0.8 | 0.1 ± 1.2 | 2 ± 16 | 54 ± 34 | 2 ± 40 | −2 ± 12 | 10 ± 41 | −13 ± 18 S, −48 ± 15 V | −1.0 ± 8.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||
| Raz et al. (51) | −1.3 ± 1.9 | −1.7 ± 2.1 | — | — | — | −2.3 ± 7.5 | — | — | — | −0.1 ± 0.6 | — | 0.00 ± 0.16 | −0.2 ± 0.4 | — | — | |||
| Ronnemaa et al. (58) | −0.9 ± 1.2 | −1.1 ± 2.4 | −17 ± 20 | — | −7 ± 39 | −3 ± 13 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||
| Skarfors et al. (53) | — | 0.3 ± 2.5 | 8 ± 29 | — | 13 ± 45 | — | — | — | — | −0.3 ± 0.8 | −0.0 ± 0.7 | 0.03 ± 0.09 | — | — | — | |||
| Vanninen et al. (64) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Men | −0.2 ± 0.9 | −0.5 ± 1.1 | — | — | — | −4.6 ± 5.7 | — | — | — | −0.4 ± 0.5 | — | 0.06 ± 0.14 | −0.9 ± 0.5 | — | — | |||
| Women | 0.0 ± 0.8 | 0.7 ± 1.0 | — | — | — | −2 ± 11 | — | — | — | −0.2 ± 0.5 | — | 0.08 ± 0.15 | −0.3 ± 0.8 | — | — | |||
| Yamnouchi et al. (43) | — | −0.1 ± 0.7 | — | 45 ± 10 G, 64 ± 12 M | −18 ± 30 | −4 ± 16 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||
| Wing et al. (42) | ||||||||||||||||||
| A | −0.2 ± 1.1 | −0.5 ± 2.1 | −1 ± 17 | — | −16 ± 20 | −1 ± 11 | — | — | — | 0.5 ± 0.6 | — | −0.04 ± 0.16 | 0.8 ± 0.6 | 2.0 ± 7.8 | 2.0 ± 4.0 | |||
| B | −0.5 ± 0.7 | 0.2 ± 1.5 | −1 ± 21 | — | −28 ± 44 | −4 ± 13 | — | — | — | −0.3 ± 0.5 | — | −0.04 ± 0.12 | −0.9 ± 0.5 | 4 ± 13 | 2.0 ± 7.7 | |||
| Verity and Ismail (62) | 0.5 ± 1.2 | 0.5 ± 2.4 | — | — | — | 1.0 ± 4.9 | 7.4 ± 9.0 | — | — | −0.1 ± 0.6 | — | 0.20 ± 0.26 | — | — | — | |||
| Meta-analyzed mean (upper, lower 90% confidence limit) | −0.7 (−1.0, −0.4) | −0.5 (−1.0, −0.1) | −9 (−13, −5) | 28 (9, 49) | −20 (−41, 8) | −1.5 (−2.1, −1.0) | −11 (−20, −1) | −1.2 (−3.0, 0.6) | −0.2 (−0.3, 0.0) | 0.1 (−0.1, 0.3) | 0.02 (−0.01, 0.05) | −0.4 (−0.7, 0.0) | −3.5 (−7.6, 0.6) | −1.8 (−4.6, 1.0) | ||||
| Resistance training | ||||||||||||||||||
| Baldi and Snowling (57) | −0.4 ± 0.5 | −0.5 ± 0.5 | −9 ± 10 | 22 ± 32 | −63 ± 52 | 1.0 ± 1.6 | −9.8 ± 5.6 | — | — | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 0.4 ± 0.7 | 0.05 ± 0.11 | −0.2 ± 0.7 | — | — | |||
| Castaneda et al. (60) | −1.0 ± 0.6 | −0.1 ± 0.2 | — | — | — | −0.8 ± 9.1 | −5.5 ± 8.1 | — | −4.1 ± 3.7 | −0.1 ± 0.4 | −0.6 ± 0.6 | 0.06 ± 0.13 | −0.3 ± 0.3 | — | — | |||
| Dunstan et al. (44) | −0.4 ± 1.5 | −0.1 ± 2.7 | −11 ± 6 | — | −17 ± 42 | −2 ± 11 | — | — | 0.0 ± 18 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||
| Dunstan et al. (39) | ||||||||||||||||||
| 3 months | −0.5 ± 0.5 | −0.6 ± 1.5 | — | −5 ± 18 | −8 ± 29 | 0.2 ± 1.2 | — | — | −0.7 ± 2.0 | 0.2 ± 0.5 | 0.2 ± 0.5 | −0.05 ± 0.11 | −0.2 ± 0.5 | −1.1 ± 8.7 | −2.7 ± 4.5 | |||
| 6 months | −0.8 ± 0.6 | −0.8 ± 1.6 | — | −4 ± 20 | 13 ± 20 | 0.7 ± 1.8 | −0.9 ± 4.9 | — | −0.2 ± 3.6 | 0.4 ± 0.5 | 0.4 ± 0.5 | −0.01 ± 0.11 | −0.1 ± 0.4 | −4.2 ± 8.7 | −3.5 ± 5.7 | |||
| Honkola et al. (45) | −0.5 ± 0.6 | — | — | — | — | −3 ± 12 | — | — | — | −0.5 ± 0.7 | −0.4 ± 0.5 | −0.05 ± 0.19 | −0.0 ± 0.8 | 2.0 ± 9.6 | 2.0 ± 4.8 | |||
| Ishii et al. (46) | −0.8 ± 1.4 | — | — | 45 ± 33 | — | 0.0 ± 10.5 | −27 ± 58 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||
| Meta-analyzed mean (upper, lower 90% confidence limit) | −0.5 (−1.0, −0.1) | −0.3 (−1.1, 0.6) | −2 (−13, 10) | 12 (−6, 33) | −31 (−57, 10) | 0.5 (−0.3, 1.4) | −4 (−16, 10) | −2.0 (−4.6, 0.7) | 0.1 (−0.2, 0.4) | 0.0 (−0.3, 0.3) | 0.02 (−0.03, 0.07) | 0.1 (−0.6, 0.8) | −1.3 (−6.5, 3.9) | −1.3 (−5.4, 2.8) | ||||
| Aerobic plus resistance training | ||||||||||||||||||
| Balducci et al. (65) | −1.2 ± 0.4 | −1.9 ± 1.4 | — | — | — | −7.0 ± 5.7 | −10 ± 8 | — | −3.2 ± 4.6 | −0.1 ± 0.3 | −0.0 ± 0.3 | 0.17 ± 0.09 | −0.6 ± 0.4 | −5.3 ± 6.2 | −5.5 ± 2.9 | |||
| Cuff et al. (59) | −0.1 ± 0.5 | — | — | 75 ± 45 | — | −5.3 ± 3.4 | — | −7.8 ± 6.2 S, −10.2 ± 9.8 V | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||
| Loimaala et al. (69) | −1.0 ± 0.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | −5.7 ± 4.6 | — | |||
| Maiorana et al. (47) | −0.6 ± 0.9 | −2.2 ± 1.2 | — | — | — | 0 ± 12 | −9 ± 29 | — | −1.3 ± 3.5 | 0.0 ± 0.5 | 0.1 ± 0.5 | 0.10 ± 0.24 | — | — | — | |||
| Tessier et al. (48) | −0.4 ± 0.7 | 0.4 ± 1.3 | −7 ± 10 | — | −28 ± 33 | −0.2 ± 10.8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||
| Meta-analyzed mean (upper, lower 90% confidence limit) | −0.8 (−1.3, −0.2) | −1.5 (−2.3, −0.6) | −6 (−15, 4) | 106 (12, 280) | −7 (−63, 132) | −5.1 (−7.6, −2.5) | −15 (−26, −2) | −0.8 (−3.3, 1.7) | 0.3 (−0.4, 0.4) | 0.1 (−0.4, 0.5) | 0.13 (0.07, 0.20) | −0.3 (−1.4, 0.8) | −5.6 (−9.3, −1.8) | −5.5 (−9.9, −1.1) | ||||
Data are mean ± 90% confidence limit, unless otherwise indicated. Data in bold are outliers excluded from the meta-analysis. G, glucose infusion rate; M, metabolic clearance rate; S, subcutaneous adipose tissue; V, visceral adipose tissue.