Demographics and biochemical and CMR characteristics
| . | HV (n = 20) . | Veteran athletes (n = 12) . | T2D (n = 36) . | ANOVA . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 57 (51–62) | 58 (52–64) | 59 (57–62) | 0.6 |
| Male (n, %) | 12 (60) | 7 (58) | 23 (64) | 0.7 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25 (23–26) | 24 (23–26)† | 28 (26–29)Ω | 0.006 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 4.9 (4.8–5.2) | 4.9 (4.7–5.1)† | 9.1 (8–12)Ω | 0.001 |
| Glycated hemoglobin (mmol/mol) | 35 (34–38) | 35 (33–37)† | 66 (58–69)Ω | <0.0001 |
| NT-proBNP (pg/mL) | 59 (41–75) | 50 (36–64)† | 114 (58–171)Ω | <0.0001 |
| Triglyceride index | 3.7 (3.6–3.8) | 3.6 (3.5–3.7)† | 4.2 (4.1–4.3)Ω | <0.0001 |
| Cardiac structural changes | ||||
| LV end diastolic volume (mL) | 151 (134–167) | 168 (150–186)† | 128 (119–137) | 0.001 |
| LV end diastolic volume index (mL/m2) | 83 (75–92) | 91 (84–98)† | 66 (62–71)Ω | <0.0001 |
| LV end systolic volume (mL) | 57 (48–65) | 66 (55–76)† | 51 (46–56) | 0.05 |
| LV end systolic volume index (mL/m2) | 31 (27–35) | 36 (32–40)† | 26 (24–29) | 0.002 |
| LV stroke volume (mL) | 94 (84–104) | 102 (91–113)† | 77 (71–83)Ω | 0.0003 |
| LV ejection fraction (%) | 63 (61–65) | 62 (60–65) | 60 (59–62) | 0.2 |
| LV mass (g) | 96 (83–109) | 108 (89–127) | 99 (92–106) | 0.5 |
| LV mass/LV end diastolic volume (mg/mL) | 0.64 (0.59–0.70) | 0.64 (0.57–0.70)† | 0.79 (0.74–0.85)Ω | 0.0008 |
| Rest and stress strain, diastolic assessment, ejection fraction, and perfusion | ||||
| Stress RPP (bpm*mmHg) | 16,196 (14,088–18,342) | 15,121 (12,976–17,854) | 16,907 (14,402–19,524) | 0.07 |
| Rest RPP (bpm*mmHg) | 6,583 (4,877–8,421) | 5,995 (2,439–7,996) | 7,077 (5,142–8,913) | 0.09 |
| ΔRPP (bpm*mmHg) | 8,972 (6,335–11,703) | 9,566 (6,629–13,101) | 8,824 (6,143–11,563) | 0.7 |
| Increase in RPP (%) | 138 | 152 | 137 | 0.07 |
| Rest GLS (%) | 18 (17–19) | 20 (18–21)† | 17 (16–18) | 0.008 |
| Stress GLS (%) | 25 (22–28) | 24 (22–26) | 20 (18–22)Ω | 0.01 |
| Rest E/A ratio | 1.38 (1.13–1.62) | 1.53 (1.35–1.98)† | 1.02 (0.89–1.15)Ω | 0.0007 |
| Stress E/A ratio | 1.22 (0.95–1.49) | 1.25 (1.01–1.37)† | 0.78 (0.70–0.87)Ω | 0.0003 |
| Rest LV EF (biplanar) (%) | 65 (63–68) | 63 (60–65) | 63 (61–65) | 0.4 |
| Stress LV EF (biplanar) (%) | 77 (74–80) | 74 (70–78) | 76 (74–78) | 0.4 |
| Stress MBF (mL/g/min) | 1.89 (1.70–2.02) | 1.97 (1.56–2.37)† | 1.49 (1.34–1.63)Ω | 0.006 |
| Rest MBF (mL/g/min) | 0.68 (0.64–0.74) | 0.60 (0.50–0.70) | 0.67 (0.62–0.71) | 0.2 |
| Myocardial perfusion reserve | 2.70 (2.38–3.02) | 3.44 (2.54–4.35)† | 2.37 (2.11–2.62) | 0.01 |
| Rest and stress myocardial energetics | ||||
| Stress RPP (bpm*mmHg) | 15,732 (13,786–18,213) | 14,738 (12,770–17,214) | 16,234 (13,979–18,531) | 0.07 |
| Rest RPP (bpm*mmHg) | 6,397 (4,596–8,201) | 5,846 (4,078–7,606) | 6,983 (5,003–8,901) | 0.09 |
| ΔRPP (bpm*mmHg) | 9,416 (6,532–12,059) | 9,196 (6,335–11,836) | 9,151 (6,500–11,721) | 0.7 |
| Increase in RPP (%) | 145 | 148 | 135 | 0.2 |
| Rest PCr/ATP | 1.98 (1.80–2.16) | 2.07(1.86–2.29)† | 1.72 (1.46–1.70)Ω | 0.03 |
| Stress PCr/ATP | 1.62 (1.40–1.84) | 1.61 (1.37–1.85) | 1.41 (1.35–1.57) | 0.3 |
| P value, rest and stress PCr/ATP ratio | 0.004 | 0.03 | 0.001 |
| . | HV (n = 20) . | Veteran athletes (n = 12) . | T2D (n = 36) . | ANOVA . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 57 (51–62) | 58 (52–64) | 59 (57–62) | 0.6 |
| Male (n, %) | 12 (60) | 7 (58) | 23 (64) | 0.7 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25 (23–26) | 24 (23–26)† | 28 (26–29)Ω | 0.006 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 4.9 (4.8–5.2) | 4.9 (4.7–5.1)† | 9.1 (8–12)Ω | 0.001 |
| Glycated hemoglobin (mmol/mol) | 35 (34–38) | 35 (33–37)† | 66 (58–69)Ω | <0.0001 |
| NT-proBNP (pg/mL) | 59 (41–75) | 50 (36–64)† | 114 (58–171)Ω | <0.0001 |
| Triglyceride index | 3.7 (3.6–3.8) | 3.6 (3.5–3.7)† | 4.2 (4.1–4.3)Ω | <0.0001 |
| Cardiac structural changes | ||||
| LV end diastolic volume (mL) | 151 (134–167) | 168 (150–186)† | 128 (119–137) | 0.001 |
| LV end diastolic volume index (mL/m2) | 83 (75–92) | 91 (84–98)† | 66 (62–71)Ω | <0.0001 |
| LV end systolic volume (mL) | 57 (48–65) | 66 (55–76)† | 51 (46–56) | 0.05 |
| LV end systolic volume index (mL/m2) | 31 (27–35) | 36 (32–40)† | 26 (24–29) | 0.002 |
| LV stroke volume (mL) | 94 (84–104) | 102 (91–113)† | 77 (71–83)Ω | 0.0003 |
| LV ejection fraction (%) | 63 (61–65) | 62 (60–65) | 60 (59–62) | 0.2 |
| LV mass (g) | 96 (83–109) | 108 (89–127) | 99 (92–106) | 0.5 |
| LV mass/LV end diastolic volume (mg/mL) | 0.64 (0.59–0.70) | 0.64 (0.57–0.70)† | 0.79 (0.74–0.85)Ω | 0.0008 |
| Rest and stress strain, diastolic assessment, ejection fraction, and perfusion | ||||
| Stress RPP (bpm*mmHg) | 16,196 (14,088–18,342) | 15,121 (12,976–17,854) | 16,907 (14,402–19,524) | 0.07 |
| Rest RPP (bpm*mmHg) | 6,583 (4,877–8,421) | 5,995 (2,439–7,996) | 7,077 (5,142–8,913) | 0.09 |
| ΔRPP (bpm*mmHg) | 8,972 (6,335–11,703) | 9,566 (6,629–13,101) | 8,824 (6,143–11,563) | 0.7 |
| Increase in RPP (%) | 138 | 152 | 137 | 0.07 |
| Rest GLS (%) | 18 (17–19) | 20 (18–21)† | 17 (16–18) | 0.008 |
| Stress GLS (%) | 25 (22–28) | 24 (22–26) | 20 (18–22)Ω | 0.01 |
| Rest E/A ratio | 1.38 (1.13–1.62) | 1.53 (1.35–1.98)† | 1.02 (0.89–1.15)Ω | 0.0007 |
| Stress E/A ratio | 1.22 (0.95–1.49) | 1.25 (1.01–1.37)† | 0.78 (0.70–0.87)Ω | 0.0003 |
| Rest LV EF (biplanar) (%) | 65 (63–68) | 63 (60–65) | 63 (61–65) | 0.4 |
| Stress LV EF (biplanar) (%) | 77 (74–80) | 74 (70–78) | 76 (74–78) | 0.4 |
| Stress MBF (mL/g/min) | 1.89 (1.70–2.02) | 1.97 (1.56–2.37)† | 1.49 (1.34–1.63)Ω | 0.006 |
| Rest MBF (mL/g/min) | 0.68 (0.64–0.74) | 0.60 (0.50–0.70) | 0.67 (0.62–0.71) | 0.2 |
| Myocardial perfusion reserve | 2.70 (2.38–3.02) | 3.44 (2.54–4.35)† | 2.37 (2.11–2.62) | 0.01 |
| Rest and stress myocardial energetics | ||||
| Stress RPP (bpm*mmHg) | 15,732 (13,786–18,213) | 14,738 (12,770–17,214) | 16,234 (13,979–18,531) | 0.07 |
| Rest RPP (bpm*mmHg) | 6,397 (4,596–8,201) | 5,846 (4,078–7,606) | 6,983 (5,003–8,901) | 0.09 |
| ΔRPP (bpm*mmHg) | 9,416 (6,532–12,059) | 9,196 (6,335–11,836) | 9,151 (6,500–11,721) | 0.7 |
| Increase in RPP (%) | 145 | 148 | 135 | 0.2 |
| Rest PCr/ATP | 1.98 (1.80–2.16) | 2.07(1.86–2.29)† | 1.72 (1.46–1.70)Ω | 0.03 |
| Stress PCr/ATP | 1.62 (1.40–1.84) | 1.61 (1.37–1.85) | 1.41 (1.35–1.57) | 0.3 |
| P value, rest and stress PCr/ATP ratio | 0.004 | 0.03 | 0.001 |
Values are means and 95% CI (lower limit of 95% CI – upper limit of 95% CI);
Statistical significance between HV and athletes;
P < 0.05 between athletes and T2D;
P < 0.05 between HV and T2D. The values in bold indicate statistical significance.