Linear mixed model for association between presence of diabetes and antidiabetic treatment and antibody levels over 6 months
| . | β coefficient (95% CI) P value . | |
|---|---|---|
| Model 1 . | Model 2 . | |
| Presence of diabetes | ||
| Diabetes (vs. no diabetes) | 0.15 (0.03, 0.28) | 0.15 (0.03, 0.27) |
| 0.01 | 0.02 | |
| Diabetes ∗ time | ||
| Diabetes ∗ T1 | −0.20 (−0.34, −0.06) | −0.20 (−0.34, −0.06) |
| 0.006 | 0.005 | |
| Diabetes ∗ T2 | −0.22 (−0.37, −0.07) | −0.22 (−0.37, −0.07) |
| 0.004 | 0.004 | |
| Presence of diabetes and ongoing treatment | ||
| Diabetes with no insulin therapy (vs. no diabetes) | 0.24 (0.08, 0.40) | 0.24 (0.08, 0.39) |
| 0.003 | 0.003 | |
| Diabetes with insulin (vs. no diabetes) | 0.11 (−0.09, 0.30) | 0.11 (−0.08, 0.31) |
| 0.28 | 0.25 | |
| Diabetes ∗ T1 (ref: no diabetes ∗ T0) | ||
| Diabetes with no insulin therapy ∗ T1 | −0.24 (−0.42, −0.05) | −0.24 (−0.43, −0.05) |
| 0.01 | 0.01 | |
| Diabetes under insulin ∗ T1 | −0.18 (−0.41, 0.05) | −0.18 (−0.41, 0.05) |
| 0.12 | 0.12 | |
| Diabetes ∗ T2 (ref: no diabetes ∗ T0) | ||
| Diabetes with no insulin therapy ∗ T2 | −0.30 (−0.50, −0.10) | −0.30 (−0.50, −0.10) |
| 0.003 | 0.003 | |
| Diabetes with insulin ∗ T2 | −0.11 (−0.36, 0.13) | −0.11 (−0.36, 0.13) |
| 0.38 | 0.36 | |
| . | β coefficient (95% CI) P value . | |
|---|---|---|
| Model 1 . | Model 2 . | |
| Presence of diabetes | ||
| Diabetes (vs. no diabetes) | 0.15 (0.03, 0.28) | 0.15 (0.03, 0.27) |
| 0.01 | 0.02 | |
| Diabetes ∗ time | ||
| Diabetes ∗ T1 | −0.20 (−0.34, −0.06) | −0.20 (−0.34, −0.06) |
| 0.006 | 0.005 | |
| Diabetes ∗ T2 | −0.22 (−0.37, −0.07) | −0.22 (−0.37, −0.07) |
| 0.004 | 0.004 | |
| Presence of diabetes and ongoing treatment | ||
| Diabetes with no insulin therapy (vs. no diabetes) | 0.24 (0.08, 0.40) | 0.24 (0.08, 0.39) |
| 0.003 | 0.003 | |
| Diabetes with insulin (vs. no diabetes) | 0.11 (−0.09, 0.30) | 0.11 (−0.08, 0.31) |
| 0.28 | 0.25 | |
| Diabetes ∗ T1 (ref: no diabetes ∗ T0) | ||
| Diabetes with no insulin therapy ∗ T1 | −0.24 (−0.42, −0.05) | −0.24 (−0.43, −0.05) |
| 0.01 | 0.01 | |
| Diabetes under insulin ∗ T1 | −0.18 (−0.41, 0.05) | −0.18 (−0.41, 0.05) |
| 0.12 | 0.12 | |
| Diabetes ∗ T2 (ref: no diabetes ∗ T0) | ||
| Diabetes with no insulin therapy ∗ T2 | −0.30 (−0.50, −0.10) | −0.30 (−0.50, −0.10) |
| 0.003 | 0.003 | |
| Diabetes with insulin ∗ T2 | −0.11 (−0.36, 0.13) | −0.11 (−0.36, 0.13) |
| 0.38 | 0.36 | |
Bold font indicates significance. Model 1 includes age, sex, previous COVID-19 infection, and vaccine doses received. Model 2 also includes ethnicity, type of COVID-19 vaccine, mobility level, cognitive disorders, and number of chronic diseases. Random intercept models with effects nested within study site and individuals were performed. A total of 481 (for analysis considering presence of diabetes as main exposure) and 452 participants (for analysis considering both presence of diabetes and ongoing therapy as main exposure) had at least two assessments of humoral immunity. T0, prevaccination assessment; T1, 2 months after the first vaccine dose; T2, 6 months after the first vaccine dose.