Study population
| . | Type 1 diabetes . | Type 2 diabetes . |
|---|---|---|
| Number of patients | 67,901 | 2,483,951 |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 43.2 (16.1) | 62.6 (12.5) |
| Age category, years | ||
| 18–44 | 37,221 (54.8) | 225,315 (9.1) |
| 45–64 | 22,558 (33.2) | 1,011,475 (40.7) |
| 65–74 | 6,021 (8.9) | 800,946 (32.2) |
| ≥75 | 2,101 (3.1) | 446,215 (18.0) |
| Sex | ||
| Female | 32,017 (47.2) | 1,229,944 (49.5) |
| Male | 35,884 (52.8) | 1,254,007 (50.5) |
| Race and ethnicity | ||
| White | 48,770 (71.8) | 1,398,818 (56.3) |
| Black | 6,724 (9.9) | 425,951 (17.1) |
| Hispanic | 4,501 (6.6) | 317,685 (12.8) |
| Asian | 1,374 (2.0) | 98,619 (4.0) |
| Other/unknown | 6,532 (9.6) | 242,878 (9.8) |
| Region | ||
| Midwest | 19,792 (29.1) | 592,215 (23.8) |
| Northeast | 7,683 (11.3) | 342,322 (13.8) |
| South | 28,872 (42.5) | 1,283,051 (51.7) |
| West | 11,497 (16.9) | 264,142 (10.6) |
| Unknown | 57 (0.1) | 2,221 (0.1) |
| Comorbidities | ||
| Retinopathy | 18,109 (26.7) | 331,917 (13.4) |
| Neuropathy | 14,821 (21.8) | 574,782 (23.1) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 5,511 (8.1) | 368,854 (14.8) |
| Dementia | 693 (1.0) | 88,575 (3.6) |
| Cardiovascular disease | 8,322 (12.3) | 765,674 (30.8) |
| Heart failure | 2,210 (3.3) | 267,238 (10.8) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 2,908 (4.3) | 288,150 (11.6) |
| COPD | 3,533 (5.2) | 355,740 (14.3) |
| Cancer | 2,400 (3.5) | 212,300 (8.5) |
| Cirrhosis | 288 (0.4) | 26,692 (1.1) |
| Hypertension | 28,261 (41.6) | 2,056,367 (82.8) |
| Depression | 8,492 (12.5) | 330,208 (13.3) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 3,316 (4.9) | 247,233 (10.0) |
| Severe hyperglycemia | 3,812 (5.6) | 13,056 (0.5) |
| Severe hypoglycemia | 2,176 (3.2) | 22,020 (0.9) |
| Glucose-lowering medications filled within 120 days of index date | ||
| Any insulin | 62,264 (91.7) | 442,410 (17.8) |
| Basal insulin | 30,864 (45.5) | 380,343 (15.3) |
| Bolus insulin | 58,330 (85.9) | 206,093 (8.3) |
| Sulfonylurea | 0 (0.0) | 558,202 (22.5) |
| Metformin | 3,440 (5.1) | 1,201,566 (48.4) |
| DPP-4 inhibitor | 354 (0.5) | 241,402 (9.7) |
| SGLT2 inhibitor | 541 (0.8) | 83,794 (3.4) |
| GLP-1 receptor agonist | 847 (1.2) | 120,449 (4.8) |
| Glitazone | 379 (0.6) | 141,740 (5.7) |
| Other medications | 523 (0.8) | 19,568 (0.8) |
| No medication fills | 5,253 (7.7) | 771,517 (31.1) |
| . | Type 1 diabetes . | Type 2 diabetes . |
|---|---|---|
| Number of patients | 67,901 | 2,483,951 |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 43.2 (16.1) | 62.6 (12.5) |
| Age category, years | ||
| 18–44 | 37,221 (54.8) | 225,315 (9.1) |
| 45–64 | 22,558 (33.2) | 1,011,475 (40.7) |
| 65–74 | 6,021 (8.9) | 800,946 (32.2) |
| ≥75 | 2,101 (3.1) | 446,215 (18.0) |
| Sex | ||
| Female | 32,017 (47.2) | 1,229,944 (49.5) |
| Male | 35,884 (52.8) | 1,254,007 (50.5) |
| Race and ethnicity | ||
| White | 48,770 (71.8) | 1,398,818 (56.3) |
| Black | 6,724 (9.9) | 425,951 (17.1) |
| Hispanic | 4,501 (6.6) | 317,685 (12.8) |
| Asian | 1,374 (2.0) | 98,619 (4.0) |
| Other/unknown | 6,532 (9.6) | 242,878 (9.8) |
| Region | ||
| Midwest | 19,792 (29.1) | 592,215 (23.8) |
| Northeast | 7,683 (11.3) | 342,322 (13.8) |
| South | 28,872 (42.5) | 1,283,051 (51.7) |
| West | 11,497 (16.9) | 264,142 (10.6) |
| Unknown | 57 (0.1) | 2,221 (0.1) |
| Comorbidities | ||
| Retinopathy | 18,109 (26.7) | 331,917 (13.4) |
| Neuropathy | 14,821 (21.8) | 574,782 (23.1) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 5,511 (8.1) | 368,854 (14.8) |
| Dementia | 693 (1.0) | 88,575 (3.6) |
| Cardiovascular disease | 8,322 (12.3) | 765,674 (30.8) |
| Heart failure | 2,210 (3.3) | 267,238 (10.8) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 2,908 (4.3) | 288,150 (11.6) |
| COPD | 3,533 (5.2) | 355,740 (14.3) |
| Cancer | 2,400 (3.5) | 212,300 (8.5) |
| Cirrhosis | 288 (0.4) | 26,692 (1.1) |
| Hypertension | 28,261 (41.6) | 2,056,367 (82.8) |
| Depression | 8,492 (12.5) | 330,208 (13.3) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 3,316 (4.9) | 247,233 (10.0) |
| Severe hyperglycemia | 3,812 (5.6) | 13,056 (0.5) |
| Severe hypoglycemia | 2,176 (3.2) | 22,020 (0.9) |
| Glucose-lowering medications filled within 120 days of index date | ||
| Any insulin | 62,264 (91.7) | 442,410 (17.8) |
| Basal insulin | 30,864 (45.5) | 380,343 (15.3) |
| Bolus insulin | 58,330 (85.9) | 206,093 (8.3) |
| Sulfonylurea | 0 (0.0) | 558,202 (22.5) |
| Metformin | 3,440 (5.1) | 1,201,566 (48.4) |
| DPP-4 inhibitor | 354 (0.5) | 241,402 (9.7) |
| SGLT2 inhibitor | 541 (0.8) | 83,794 (3.4) |
| GLP-1 receptor agonist | 847 (1.2) | 120,449 (4.8) |
| Glitazone | 379 (0.6) | 141,740 (5.7) |
| Other medications | 523 (0.8) | 19,568 (0.8) |
| No medication fills | 5,253 (7.7) | 771,517 (31.1) |
Data are presented as N (%), except when noted otherwise. All comorbidities were ascertained from medical claims during 1 year prior to cohort entry, while medications were ascertained from pharmacy claims during 120 days prior to cohort entry. COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DPP-4, dipeptidyl-peptidase 4; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1; SGLT2, sodium–glucose cotransporter 2.